Jump to content

HAL Tejas

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Tejas
HAL Tejas from No. 18 Squadron IAF
General information
TypeMultirole combat aircraft
National originIndia
ManufacturerHindustan Aeronautics Limited
DesignerAeronautical Development Agency
Aircraft Research and Design Centre (HAL)
Aeronautical Development Establishment
StatusIn production[1]
Primary userIndian Air Force
Number built53[a]
History
Manufactured2001–present
Introduction date17 January 2015[7]
First flight4 January 2001[8]
Developed intoTejas Mk2

The HAL Tejas (Sanskrit: तेजस, ISO: Tējasa, lit. 'Radiance') is an Indian single-engine, delta wing, multirole[9] combat aircraft designed by the Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA) and manufactured by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) for the Indian Air Force (IAF) and Indian Navy.[10][11] Tejas made its first flight in 2001 and entered into service with the IAF in 2015.[12][13] In 2003, the aircraft was officially named 'Tejas'.[14] Currently Tejas is the smallest and lightest in its class of supersonic combat aircraft.[15]

Tejas is the second supersonic combat aircraft developed by HAL after the HF-24 Marut.[16] The first Tejas squadron became operational in 2016. The No. 45 Squadron IAF - Flying Daggers, based at Sulur Air Force Station (AFS) in the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu, was the first to have their MiG-21 Bisons replaced with the Tejas.[17]

Tejas has three production variants - Tejas Mark 1, Mark 1A and Tejas trainer/light attack aircraft. The IAF currently has placed an order for 123 Tejas and is planning to procure 97 more.[18] The IAF plans to procure at least 324 aircraft or 18 squadrons of Tejas in all variants, including the heavier Tejas Mark 2 which is currently being developed.[19]

As of 2016, the indigenous content in the Tejas Mark 1 is 59.7% by value and 75.5% by the number of line replaceable units.[20] The indigenous content of the Tejas Mk 1A is expected to surpass 70% in the next four years.[21]

Development

[edit]
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of HAL Tejas.

LCA programme

[edit]
LCA Tejas production partners

The LCA programme originated in the early 1980s. In 1983, the Government of India established the LCA project with the initial goal to develop a new light combat aircraft to replace the ageing IAF fighters, especially the MiG-21 variants,[22] which had been the mainstay of the IAF since 1963.[23] At one point the IAF had operated as many as 874 MiG-21s.[23] The "Long Term Re-Equipment Plan 1981" noted that most of these IAF fighters were approaching the end of their service lives by the early-1990s, and that by 1995, the IAF would be 40 percent short of the aircraft needed to fill its projected force structure requirements.[24]

In 1984, the Government of India established Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA) under the aegis of Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) to manage the LCA programme.[22] The ADA was entrusted with the design and development of LCA while HAL was chosen as the principal contractor.[25] The government's "self-reliance" goals for the LCA included the three most sophisticated and challenging systems: the Fly-by-wire (FBW) flight control system, multi-mode pulse-doppler radar, and afterburning turbofan engine.[26]

The project definition phase was commenced in October 1986[22] with France's Dassault-Breguet Aviation as consultant. Dassault-Breguet's expertise was mainly utilised in the design and system integration of the Tejas.[27] In 1988, Dassault offered a hybrid fly by wire flight control system for the LCA, consisting of three digital channels and one analogue channel, with a redundant analogue channel as a back up in case the digital channels fails. But the ADA was in favour of a quadruplex digital FBW flight control system.[28]

The design of the Tejas was finalised in 1990 as a small tailless compound delta wing design with relaxed static stability. To provide enhanced manoeuvrability it would be a control configured vehicle incorporating a digital FBW flight control system.[28] Kota Harinarayana was the Programme Director and Chief Designer of Tejas.[28][29] In 1992, a dedicated National Control Law (CLAW) team was set up by the National Aerospace Laboratories to develop India's own state of the art FBW flight control system for the Tejas. Initially Lockheed Martin's consultancy was sought. But it was terminated following a US embargo in response to India's second nuclear tests in 1998.[30][31] This delayed the programme partly by about 18 months.[28][32] Later India indigenously developed a quadruplex digital fly-by-wire flight control system for Tejas.[33]

Tejas technology demonstrator in inverted flight

The CLAW team completed the design and integration of the flight control laws with the flight control system software, with the aid of an Iron Bird test rig. The quadruplex digital fly-by-wire flight control system conducted over 50 hours of pilot testing on Iron Bird Test Rig. On 4 January 2001, on its maiden flight, the TD-1 successfully flew with an indigenous quadruplex digital FBW flight control system.[28] The aerodynamic characterization research was conducted at the National Aerospace Laboratories' 1.2m Trisonic Wind Tunnel Facility.[34]

Another critical technology needed for LCA was the multi-mode radar (MMR). Initially, the Ericsson/Ferranti PS-05/A I/J-band multi-function radar, also used on Saab's JAS 39 Gripen, was intended to be used.[35] However, DRDO decided to develop an indigenous multi-mode radar for the Tejas. HAL's Hyderabad division and the DRDO's Electronics and Radar Development Establishment (LRDE) laboratory were selected to jointly lead the MMR programme, and work commenced in 1997.[36] The Centre for Airborne Systems (CABS) was responsible for the MMR's test programme. An HAL-748 airborne surveillance aircraft was converted for this purpose.[37] The development of multi-mode was not smooth, as it suffered some setbacks. By 2005, only two radar modes – the air-to-air look-up and look-down - were confirmed to have been successfully tested. The performance of several other modes that had been tested were suboptimal.[37] The problem with the radar was mainly attributed to the lack of compatibility between the LRDE/HAL multi mode radar and the LRDE's advanced signal processor module.[36] Using an "off-the-shelf" foreign radar as an interim option was considered.[38]

ADA met with success in the development of three of the five key technologies identified at the beginning of the LCA programme. The successful endeavours were mastery in the FBW flight control system,[39][28] the development and manufacturing of carbon-fibre composite structures and skins, and a modern glass cockpit. The Autolay computer-aided design software developed as part of the LCA programme has been licensed to Airbus for its A380 wide-body aircraft project.[26] The development of a multi-mode pulse-doppler radar was abandoned,[38] off the shelf Israeli Elta EL/M-2032 multi-mode and EL/M-2052 Active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar units being selected for the Mk1 and initial Mk1a aircraft, respectively,[40] while DRDO opted, in 2012, to develop its own Uttam AESA Radar, as of 2024 the Uttam radar is undergoing flight trials.[41] India's self-reliance goal oriented development for the LCA programme has considerably increased the indigenous components in Tejas and contributed to an aviation industry expansion in the country.[42][43]

On 20 December 2021, Ministry of Defence (MoD) in a written reply during winter session of Rajya Sabha clarified that the HAL Tejas is no longer considered as a replacement for the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21, instead it is now part of a general IAF fleet modernisation programme.[44]

Prototypes and testing

[edit]
Tejas FOC on wet contact trial from Ilyushin Il-78 tanker

Prototype testing began in 2003, a year after the first flight of the second Technology Demonstrator (TD-2).[45] The first prototype aircraft, PV-1, made its maiden flight in 2003. The first trainer prototype PV-5 was rolled out in 2009 and made its first flight on 26 November 2009.[45] A total of two trainer prototypes were built and designated PV-5 and PV-06. The first naval prototype, designated NP-1, made its first flight on 27 April 2012. It was a twin-seater aircraft, while the second naval prototype, designated as NP-2, was a single seater. Both naval prototypes were used extensively for various aircraft carrier-related trials at the Shore Based Test Facility in Goa. NP-2 was used in the actual carrier trials, where it made an arrested recovery and ski-jump assisted take-off from the aircraft carrier INS Vikramaditya in January 2020.[46]

Tejas Limited Series Production aircraft LSP-3 on landing run

The first Limited Series Production aircraft (LSP-1) performed its maiden flight on 25 April 2007.[45] A total of seven limited series production (LSP) aircraft were built. The LSPs were extensively used for developmental trials such as weapon testing – involving test firing of the R-73[47] and Python-5 close combat missiles, the I-Derby ER beyond visual range air-to-air missile[48] and guided–unguided munition releases.[49][50] The LSPs were also used for sensor trials involving integration and testing of the Israeli Elta EL/M-2032 multi-mode radar, and EL/M-2052 AESA radar,[40] and the Indian Uttam AESA Radar[41] and Rafael Litening targeting pod.[37] The Uttam radar was integrated on the Tejas LSP-2 and LSP-3, and logged about 30 hours of flight testing on the Tejas alone.[41] The high altitude trials[51] and hot weather trials were carried out with the LSPs and the PV-3 prototype, in IOC[52] and FOC configurations.[51] These trials were mainly focused on assessing the performance of the various sensors and avionics on board, at temperatures ranging from below -10 degree Celsius[51] to more than +45 degrees Celsius.[52]

Sea trials to assess the radar performance in air-to-air and air-to-sea modes at various altitudes were carried out in 2010. Flutter vibration tests were also carried out in different configurations at high angle of attack (AoA) to assess the structural integrity across the flight envelope.[53] LSP-4 completed the successful trial of BDL developed Counter Measure Dispensing System (CMDS) with R-73 missile on 2 December 2010. It worked well Open Architecture Mission Computer and Digital Stores Management System.[54]

In the second half of 2012, the Tejas fleet was grounded for over three months and the ejection system had to be modified to resume flight tests by the end of 2012.[55] In 2013, Tejas (LSP-7) conducted an inflight engine relight test at high altitude to assess the engine response on flameout, a critical parameter for operational clearance. The inflight engine relight test is crucial for single engine combat aircraft.[56] On 15 April 2023, HAL received a flight clearance certificate for the Aircraft Mounted Accessory Gear Box (AMAGB) bearings and power take-off shaft. The Centre for Military Airworthiness and Certification (CEMILAC) also gave clearance for the pre-production of landing gear seals developed by the Combat Vehicles Research and Development Establishment (CVRDE) and Fluoro Carbon Seals Limited.[57]

Operational clearance

[edit]
HAL Tejas from No. 45 Squadron IAF stationed at Sulur Air Force Station.

In December 2006, the IAF announced that it would form an "LCA Induction Team" to manage the aircraft's service introduction.[58] The Tejas was awarded initial operational clearance-I (IOC-I) in January 2011.[59] To ease up the process of FOC, an interim IOC-II was issued to Tejas in December 2013. The IOC-II expanded the g-limit, angle of attack and allowed the aircraft to carry precision guided munitions and close combat missiles. The IOC-II Tejas have an operational radius of 400–500 km (250–310 mi).[60][61] The first squadron, consisting of Tejas in IOC-II configuration, became operational in 2016.[62] The No. 45 Squadron IAF based at Sulur Air Force Station, Coimbatore was the first to have their MiG-21s replaced by Tejas aircraft at the base.[17]

The FOC campaign began in December 2014.[63] Two critical parameters set by IAF for FOC clearance was expansion of angle of attack from 24 degree in IOC-II to 28 degree in FOC and inflight refueling capability.[61] In February 2018, as part of the FOC campaign, the Tejas carried out a "hot refuelling" - refuelling with engine running,[8] which shortens the turnaround time[64] by 30% and doubles the sortie rate.[65] In September 2018, the Tejas successfully completed its mid-air refuelling trials required for the aircraft to obtain its FOC.[8] In January 2019, HAL received permission from CEMILAC to start production of the FOC standard Tejas.[66]

On 20 February 2019, during the Aero India 2019 show, FOC was formally awarded to the Tejas.[67] The HAL handed over the FOC certificate to the then Air Chief Marshal BS Dhanoa at the Yelahanka Air Force base. After the formal ceremoney, ACM Dhanoa stated that Tejas was "ready" and "behaved like a true fighter". The second Tejas squadron – No.18 Flying Bullets was formed at Sulur Air Force Station on 27 May 2020 with the first four serial production FOC aircraft.[62][68]

A full mission simulator (FMS) phase-1 was commissioned at Sulur Air Force Station on 23 October 2021. Phase 1 of the FMS features training in aircraft handling and full envelope flying. Phase 2 will further augment the training with focus on weapons system and advance sensors onboard Tejas.[69]

Upgrades and further development

[edit]
Tejas IOC aircraft, each carrying two drop tanks on inner pylons

In May 2015, the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) noted some shortcomings in the then-delivered Tejas Mark 1 IOC standard aircraft, which according to the CAG would limit the ability to survive and operation deployment of the aircraft in actual combat.[70] A few of these shortcomings, including lack of combat endurance, were addressed in the Tejas Mark 1 FOC configuration aircraft.[8] Tejas Mark 1 FOC is modified to perform in-flight refuelling from Ilyushin Il-78 and Sukhoi Su-30MKI. Tejas is also undergoing butt firing trials and air-to-air firing at HAL, Nashik facility with Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-23.[71]

The shortcomings, such as the increased weight and reduced speed, would be addressed in the upcoming Tejas Mark 1A aircraft by increasing the use of composites in manufacturing and reducing the supersonic drag by using more aerodynamic pylons. The MK1A will also have AESA radar, a self-protection jammer,[72] updated avionics and electronic warfare capabilities, among other improvements.[73] The shortcomings identified by CAG that require redesign and structural modification such as increasing internal fuel capacity, are planned to be rectified in the Tejas Mark 2.[72]

An agreement has been signed by the Indian Air Force and the Aeronautical Development Agency to include advanced weaponry and sensors into HAL Tejas. By transferring technical know-how for the smooth integration of weapons and sensors, ADA and the IAF's Software Development Institute (SDI) hope to empower the IAF to carry out integration and flight testing on its own.[74]

Tejas Mark 1A

[edit]
Upgrades
[edit]
Tejas Mark 1A

The Tejas Mark 1A variant has more than 40 improvements over the Mark 1 variant.[75][76] Upgraded Mark 1A features a new avionic suite centred on EL/M-2052 AESA Radar and Uttam AESA Radar developed in-house. DARE Unified Electronic Warfare Suite (UEWS), an externally mounted self protection jammer (SPJ) for enhanced survivability, in-flight refuelling capability, Onboard Oxygen Generation System (OBOGS) developed by Defence Bioengineering and Electromedical Laboratory (DEBEL) for endurance and an expanded weapon suite consisting of Astra BVRAAM and ASRAAM.[72][17] Two ASRAAMs are intended for use on Tejas Mark 1A. The production variant will come equipped with dual-rack pylons with weapon systems integration.[77][78] HAL will install in-house developed Combined Interrogator and Transponder (CIT) with digital map generator by Mission and Combat Systems R&D Centre which helps transfer the required mission map on pilot display, an upgraded IFF+ from older identification friend or foe system.[78] To better accommodate the pilots, cockpit floor is also reshaped.[71] The upgraded Tejas Mark 1A will have a reduced turnaround time.[76] Tejas Mark 1A will use indigenously developed Angad electronic warfare suite and DRDO Advanced Self Protection Jammer pod.[79][80][81]

Tejas LSP7 firing Astra Mk1 missile

BEL will supply 20 types of locally developed critical avionics and upgrades such as Digital Flight Control Computers from ADA, Air Data Computer from DRDO, Weapon Computers from ADE, Radar Warning Receiver from Combat Aircraft Systems Development and Integration Centre (CASDIC) and Head-up display from Central Scientific Instruments Organisation (CSIO) from 2023 to 2028 for ₹2,400 crore.[82]

In order to produce the BMI Engine Bay Door for the Tejas Mark 1A, HAL and National Aerospace Laboratories inked a technology transfer agreement. For the engine bay door, where it must survive a service temperature of roughly 200 °C, NAL Advanced Composites Division is creating a manufacturing process technique that uses Carbon-BMI Prepreg to create co-cured composite structures that are very temperature resistant.[83] On 28 March 2024, Tejas Mark 1A, equipped with the first set of Carbon-BMI Engine Bay Door assembly, successfully completed the inaugural flight from HAL facility.[84]

On 19 April 2024, ADA delivered the first batch of Secondary Flight Control of Tejas Mk 1A which consists of an indigenously designed Leading Edge Slats and Airbrake Control Module. These flight control systems features "state-of-the-art Servo-Valve based electro-hydraulic servo actuators and control modules." These development was the result of the collaboration of ADA, Research Centre Imarat (RCI) and Central Manufacturing Technology Institute (CMTI). The technology is ready to be integrated with production variants of Tejas Mk 1A as it successfully completed flight trials. These are being produced at Accessories Division, HAL, Lucknow.[85][86]

Milestones
[edit]
  • According to HAL Chairman and Director R Madhavan, the design activity of Tejas Mark 1A is moving ahead, and the testing of subsystems will be completed by 2021. The taxi trials will commence in the first half of 2022, and the first flight of Mark 1A prototype will happen in the second half of 2022.[87]
  • On 20 May 2022, the Tejas Mark 1A prototype completed its first flight.[88][89] HAL intends to obtain a certificate from Centre for Military Airworthiness and Certification (CEMILAC) within 30 months before this version enters mass production.
  • On 28 March 2024, the first production series Mark 1A aircraft (LA 5033) conducted its inaugural flight which lasted for 18 minutes. The aircraft will undergo more testing before being officially transferred to the IAF.[90][91]
  • The first Tejas Mark 1A, originally scheduled for delivery on 31 March 2024, may now arrive in November 2024, as a result of the delay in obtaining new engines (F404-IN20), a Danish export ban on the Aircraft's engine charge amplifier, delays in the delivery of software from Israel, and necessary certifications.[92][93] In FY2024–25, HAL was scheduled to deliver 16 fighter jets. Afterwards, 16 jets will be produced by the Bengaluru production line and 8 by the Nashik production line. Total 87 jets are expected to be delivered by 2028.[94]

Tejas Mark 2

[edit]
Main article: HAL Tejas Mk2
Tejas MK2 design

The HAL Tejas design has been further developed into the Tejas Mark 2, incorporating a more powerful General Electric F414 INS6 engine, canards and other design changes. The Tejas Mark 2, which is expected to be rolled out in 2025, will have an increased payload carrying capacity and internal fuel capacity, more external hardpoints, improved combat range, a completely redesigned cockpit, and an integrated infrared search and track (IRST) system, in addition to the AESA radar.[95][65] The Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (DIAT) is developing aircraft health and usage monitoring systems (HUMS) to integrate the various sensors on board the Tejas Mark 2.[96] The first flight of Tejas Mark 2 is expected to be in 2025.

[edit]
LCA Navy prototype NP-1

The Naval LCA programme was commenced in 2003.[97] According to ADA, the Naval LCA (N-LCA) Programme was envisaged to be completed in two phases, under Phase-1 two naval prototypes were developed - the two-seat NP-1 and the single-seat NP-2, based on the Tejas Mark 1 design, to carryout carrier suitability certification and weapons integration. Under Phase 2, two single-seat prototypes were planned to be built, based on the Tejas Mark 2 design, with further design optimisation and integration of the General Electric F414 INS6 engine.[98] The first naval prototype NP-1 was rolled out in July 2010,[99] and made its first flight on 27 April 2012.[100] The naval LCA has stronger landing gear to absorb the forces generated during carrier take off and arrested recovery.[97][101]

In December 2014, the LCA Navy successfully made its first ski-jump assisted take off from a SBTF at INS Hansa. The navy variant has a distinctive flight control law mode which allows hands-free take-off.[101]

In December 2016, the Indian Navy (IN) opted out of the programme, owing to the long delay and technical reasons – such as inadequate thrust to weight ratio of N-LCA for carrier based combat operations,[102] and issued a fresh RFI for the procurement of 57 multi-role carrier borne fighters.[103]

Because the technologies developed for the Tejas programme will be carried over to other platforms currently being developed by the ADA, test flying was continued.[104]

In 2019, an LCA navy prototype successfully carried out the first arrested landing at the SBTF in Goa in day time[105] and night time.[106] As of December 2019, the Naval LCA programme completed 209 test flights,[105] of these 50 were ski jump take-offs.[107]

Tejas NP-1 landing on INS Vikramaditya

In January 2020, the naval prototype NP-2 successfully carried out its first arrested landing and ski-jump assisted take-off from the aircraft carrier INS Vikramaditya.[46][105]

In July 2020, the DRDO announced that the plan to develop an LCA Mark 2 Navy had been dropped and they were working on a new carrier-borne fighter according to the Indian Navy's multi-role carrier borne fighter requirement floated in 2016 to replace the current fleet of MIG-29K/KUB carrier-based fighters.[108] In Aero India 2021 a new twin engine naval fighter was unveiled, the Twin Engine Deck Based Fighter (TEDBF).[109][110] The experience gained in the N-LCA programme will help in the development of TEDBF.[107]

In February 2023, the naval prototype completed its maiden landing and take-off from the indigenous aircraft carrier INS Vikrant.[111]

LCA Tejas maiden landing onboard INS Vikrant

Program costs

[edit]

Development costs

[edit]
  • LCA Programme - ₹9,063.96 crore (equivalent to ₹110 billion or US$1.3 billion in 2023) (up to March 2020)[112]
  • Kaveri engine programme - ₹2,032 crore (equivalent to ₹24 billion or US$290 million in 2023)[112]
  • ₹1,202 crore (equivalent to ₹13 billion or US$160 million in 2023) additional design and development (Jan 2021)[113]

Flyaway costs

[edit]
  • ₹146.2 crore (equivalent to ₹234 crore or US$28 million in 2023) for IOC Mark 1 (2014)[114][115]
  • ₹156 crore (equivalent to ₹350 crore or US$42 million in 2023) for FOC Mark 1 (2010)[115]
  • ₹303 crore (equivalent to ₹340 crore or US$41 million in 2023) for Mark 1A and ₹309 crore (equivalent to ₹347 crore or US$42 million in 2023) for export variant (2021)[116][117][118]

Design

[edit]

Overview

[edit]

The Tejas is a single-engine multirole combat aircraft which has a tailless, compound delta wing design with "relaxed static stability" for enhanced manoeuvrability and agility. The Tejas is a multi-role combat aircraft and its flexibility permits it to carry out Interception, air-to-surface and anti-shipping roles in a single mission.[119] The wind tunnel testing and computational fluid dynamics analysis have optimised the design of Tejas for minimum transonic and supersonic wave drag, as well low wing-loading.[28]

Tejas airshow demo

Tejas has eight hardpoints – one beneath the port-side air-intake, one under the fuselage (centreline station) and three hardpoints under each wing, of these, three are wet hardpoints which can carry drop tanks. The hardpoint beneath the port side air-intake is dedicated to carrying sensor pods such as FLIR, IRST or laser rangefinder/designator. These can also be carried on the centreline pylon and inboard pairs of wing stations.[120] It has an aerial refuelling probe on the starboard side of the forward fuselage.[121] The Tejas weapon suite consists of I-Derby ER and Astra beyond visual range air-to-air missiles and R-73, Python-5 and ASRAAM close combat missiles.[65] The Tejas has an internal 23 mm Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-23 twin-barreled autocannon under the starboard side air-intake.[122] The BrahMos-NG supersonic cruise missile is being developed for the Tejas.[123]

The relatively smaller size, extensive use of airframe composites, the Y-duct inlet which shields the engine compressor blades, the application of radar-absorbent material (RAM) coatings[37] and so on, reduces the overall radar cross-section of the aircraft.[119]

Airframe

[edit]

Apart from aluminium-lithium alloys and titanium alloys,[124] carbon-fibre composite materials are used in the construction of the Tejas. The composite materials constitute 45% of the airframe by weight and 90% by surface area,[125] the highest among contemporary aircraft.[126] The upper and lower wing surfaces, wing spars and wing ribs are also made out of carbon-fibre composites,[127] while the fin tip is made out of fiberglass.[128] The extensive use of composite materials in the airframe not only makes the aircraft lighter but also gives high strength. This also reduces the number of joints or rivets, increases the aircraft's structural integrity and lowers its susceptibility to fatigue cracks.[119] The tailfin is a monolithic honeycomb structure, reducing the manufacturing cost by 80% compared to traditional methods.[129] Initially the Tejas prototypes were equipped with a radome made out of Kevlar which was replaced with a quartz radome in the production aircraft.[65]

The naval LCA has a nose droop to provide improved view for carrier landings. In addition to the elevons, the naval LCA has wing leading–edge vortex controllers (LEVCON) control surfaces that extend from the wing-root leading edge, which could be deflected to a downward angle or an upward angle to increase lift and reduce airspeed during approach. The LEVCONs also provides better low-speed handling and increase controllability at high angles of attack (AoA).[37] The naval Tejas also has a strengthened undercarriage, stronger landing gear,[101] and an arrestor hook system for carrier landings.[130] The two-seat LCA Navy variant (NP-1) have aerodynamic commonality with the trainer variant.[131]

The Secondary Flight Control of Tejas Mk 1A consists of an indigenously designed Leading Edge Slats and Airbrake Control Module. Aeronautical Development Agency, on 19 April 2024, delivered the first batch of these flight control system. These flight control systems features "state-of-the-art Servo-Valve based electro-hydraulic servo actuators and control modules." The technology is ready to be integrated with production variants of Tejas Mk 1A as it successfully completed flight trials. These are being produced at Accessories Division, HAL, Lucknow.[85][86]

Avionics

[edit]

The avionics of the Tejas Mark 1 is centered around Elta EL/M-2032 radar.[65] Its digital flight control computer developed by ADE and manufactured BEL.[132][133] It has an electronic warfare (EW) suite domestically developed by Defence Avionics Research Establishment (DARE), which consists of a radar warning receiver (RWR), integrated self-protection jammer,[134] chaff and flare dispenser system.[135][136] The upgraded variant of the Tejas Mark 1, named the Tejas Mark 1A have an AESA radar, new high performance digital flight control computer (DFCC MK1A),[137] new EW suite and updated avionics.[72] Some of the production Mark 1A fighters will be equipped with the Elta EL/M-2052 AESA radar,[17] while rest of the aircraft are expected to fly with the domestically developed Uttam AESA radar.[41] The new EW system for the Mark 1A, developed by DARE known as the Unified Electronic Warfare suite (UEWS), will have electronic countermeasures and electronic counter-countermeasure capabilities, digital radio frequency memory based[138] jamming and deception capabilities.[76] The Tejas Mark 1A will also carry a pod-mounted self-protection jammer[65] – the Elta ELL-8222WB.[139] The Mark 1A will have software-defined radio-based secure communications and network-centric warfare capabilities.[140]

The Tejas can also carry pod-based sensors such as forward looking infrared (FLIR). Currently the Tejas is cleared to carry the Rafael Litening III targeting/reconnaissance pod,[141] while an advanced version named Litening 4I will be integrated on the Tejas. The Litening 4I pod, developed by the C4I systems division of Rafael, enables the aircraft to carry out reconnaissance, surveillance and intelligence gathering, in addition to target acquisition.[142] The Tejas has an integrated health-monitoring system.[121]

The Tejas has a night vision goggles compatible glass cockpit, equipped with a domestically developed head-up display (HUD), three multi-function displays, two Smart Standby Displays by Central Scientific Instruments Organization (CSIO). The Tejas has hands-on-throttle-and-stick (HOTAS) arrangement to reduce pilot's workload.[121][37] The displays provide key information on a need-to-know basis, the pilot interacts with onboard systems through a multi-functional keyboard and several selection panels. The Tejas has a "get-you-home" panel coupled with an air data computer developed by Bharat Electronics Limited to assist the pilot in case of an emergency. The cockpit is equipped with Martin-Baker 16LG zero-zero ejection seat[128] and canopy severance system developed by the DRDO for safe ejection.[121][143] For life support, Tejas Mark 1 relies on conventional liquid oxygen LOX system, while an onboard oxygen-generation system (OBOGS) has been developed for Tejas Mark 1A.[144] The ADA has developed virtual reality assisted cockpit simulator for Tejas,[145] and N-LCA.[101] Currently Tejas pilots are flying with Elbit DASH IV helmet-mounted display system.[37][146]

Flight control system

[edit]
N-LCA has additional flight control laws (source codes) for LEVCON and hands-free take off

The aerodynamic configuration of Tejas is based on a delta-wing layout with shoulder-mounted wings. The control surfaces include three-section slats on the wing's outer leading edge while the inboard sections of the wings have additional slats to generate vortex lift over the inner wing and high-energy air-flow along the tail fin to enhance high-AoA stability. The wing trailing edge fits two-segment elevons to provide pitch and roll control. The only empennage-mounted control surfaces are the single-piece rudder and two airbrakes, located in the upper rear part of the fuselage, one each on either side of the fin.[120] Since the Tejas is a relaxed static stability design, it is equipped with a NAL-developed full authority quadruplex digital fly-by-wire flight control system[28] and an open architecture[147] digital flight control computer developed by BEL.[132] Its flight control surfaces are controlled by hybrid electro-hydraulic actuators through the digital flight control computer.[148] The fly-by-wire flight control system of the Tejas has an advanced feature called auto low-speed recovery. This enables envelope protection at low speed and high angles of attack. It prevents the aircraft from entering into uncontrolled flight while maneuvering. Another feature is disorientation recovery function, once engaged it will recover the aircraft to an optimal altitude, airspeed and level flight. Some of the flight control laws for these features were formulated by the IIT Bombay research university.[149]

On 19 February 2024, Tejas Mark-1A prototype LSP-7 successfully completed sortie with indigenously designed high performance Digital Flight Control Computer (DFCC).[150] The system was developed by Aeronautical Development Establishment (ADE).[151] The latest DFCC has a quadraplex PowerPC-based processor, a fast I/O controller based on an autonomous state machine, increased computational throughput, and sophisticated on-board software that satisfies DO-178C level-A safety regulations. All important metrics and the flight controls' performance were deemed adequate during the flying test.[152]

Propulsion

[edit]
Further information: GTRE GTX-35VS Kaveri

Developing an indigenous jet engine for Tejas was one of the five self-reliance goals identified at the beginning of the LCA Programme. A programme led by the Gas Turbine Research Establishment (GTRE) to design and develop an indigenous powerplant, the Kaveri, was launched as early as in 1986.[153] However Kaveri jet engine development faced some setbacks, hence the General Electric F404-GE-F2J3 afterburning turbofan engine was procured as an interim solution.[153] The F404-F2J3 (10 units) powers the Technology Demonstrator and Prototype variants of Tejas.[154] Since 2004, uprated General Electric F404-GE-IN20 engines are being used on LSP, Naval prototypes and Mark 1 variants of Tejas.[155][156]

The Tejas Mark 1 is currently powered by the F404-IN20 engine. The Mark 1A variant will be powered by the same powerplant,[157] while the heavier Tejas Mark 2 will be powered by a General Electric F414-INS6 engine.[157] On 17 August 2021, HAL placed an order of ₹5,375 crore (equivalent to ₹60 billion or US$720 million in 2023) for 99 F404-GE-IN20 engines.[157][158][159]

Delivery

[edit]

The formation of the first Tejas-equipped squadron started in July 2011. No. 45 Squadron IAF (Flying Daggers), the first Tejas squadron, was operationalised in July 2016. It is based in Sulur Air Force Station, Coimbatore.[62][160]

When the first order was placed in 2006, it was expected that ADA would receive Initial Operational Clearance (IOC) by 2008. Induction was scheduled by December 2011. However, IOC was originally received in December 2013 and the first IOC variant was delivered in FY2016-17.[161]

In March 2017, Government of India sanctioned ₹1,381.04 crore (equivalent to ₹19 billion or US$230 million in 2023) for setting up an additional production line under Aircraft Division, HAL. This would increase the production capacity from 8 to 16. Production of sub-components like Front Fuselage, Centre Fuselage, Rear Fuselage, Wings were outsourced to private partners.[161]

As of 11 February 2019, 12 IOC aircraft were delivered with 4 due to be delivered by March 2019. Also, on 31 December 2018, ADA has handed over Drawing Applicability List (DAL) and Equipment Standard of Preparation (SOP) documents, for FOC configuration to HAL for production. The production and delivery of 8 Tejas Trainer would start after design clearance by ADA.[161]

The second Tejas Mark 1 squadron, Squadron 18, was formed at Sulur on 27 May 2020.[162]

By August 2023, the delivery of all 32 single-seat Tejas Mk 1 aircraft (IOC and FOC) were completed.[163]

On 5 April 2023, the then Defence Secretary Giridhar Aramane officially opened a third production line at HAL's Nashik factory, to accelerate delivery. This brings the total production capacity from 16 to 24 aircraft annually. The production of aircraft at this plant will start from October 2024 while the first aircraft from Nashik is expected by the end of FY2024-25.[164][165]

IAF will raise the first squadron of Tejas Mark 1A at Nal Air Force Station.[166]

The 73 Tejas Mark 1A and 10 training aircraft were to be delivered within three years of signing of the contract that was signed on 1 February 2021. The delivery was scheduled to start on 3 February 2024, and was supposed to be finished in nine years. Initially, the delay of delivery date moved to March 2024.[167][168] However, as of March 2024, the IAF's latest requests for software upgrades and minor design changes caused the delay in delivery timeline, according to sources within the military and defence establishment. Consequently, a number of certifications were still pending. The delivery of essential components that were ordered from Israeli, Russian and Ukrainian manufacturers have also been delayed as a result of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. All of which is impacting the production and delivery schedule.[167][169]

The first series production trainer aircraft (LT5201) completed its maiden flight on 5 April 2023.[170] IAF has received first LCA Tejas twin seater aircraft from HAL on 4 October 2023.[171] Next trainer variant delivery expected by March 31.[172][173]

According to reports, Ministry of Defence has asked HAL to deliver 18 Tejas Mk 1A by March 2024 and all of 180 jets within 10 years. This was done in order to negate out the shortfall in IAF's combat squadron which is much below the sanctioned squadron strength of IAF. Also, the report suggested that all the supply chain issues were solved.[174][175] As per Ministry of Defence, there is a delay of more than 10 months in supply of F404-GE-IN20 engines by GE Aerospace.[176][92]

No. 3 Squadron, followed by No. 23 Squadron, will be the first to operate the Mk 1A variant.[177][178]

After the delay, the delivery of the first Mark 1A variant was expected by the end of July 2024.[179][180] The delivery timeline of the first jet was again revised. As of mid-July, the expected date stood at 15 August 2024. The delivery of GE 404 engines is expected to start by September–October in 2024 at the rate of one or two engines per month.[181] As of August, the Tejas jets are expected to begin delivery from November 2024. The first aircraft is undergoing critical flight tests and is on the verge of initiating weapons trials, the second one is in high speed taxi trials phase while the next 4 units are in advanced stages of production. Despite the delays in engine delivery, according to reports, HAL plans to manufacture at least 14 airframes in "ready-to-go state" by this financial year. It shall take few weeks to integrate the engine into the airframe and deliver it to IAF when delivery of engine starts.[92]

On 5 September 2024, it was reported that 2 F404-IN20 engines are scheduled to be shipped in September followed by 6 more by the end of fiscal year. Meanwhile, HAL has prepared another 5 Tejas trainer variants with another 3 to be completed by 2024 and additional 3 to be completed by March 2025. Also, 1 Tejas Mk 1A is completed with another 3 nearing completion. With the start of the engine delivery, HAL will gradually deliver the aircraft to the IAF from November 2024.[182]

After Russian invasion of Ukraine, Denmark has prohibited the export of engine charge amplifiers installed onboard the older Tejas model. New Tejas Mk 1A delivery is being delayed as a result of this. To indigenize it, HAL has hired a Bengaluru-based company. HAL will soon begin testing after the development work is finished. The engine charge amplifier is a crucial component that senses engine temperature and adjusts operation accordingly.[183]

As of September 2024, the delivery of the 4 remaining trainer aircaft as a part of the first 2 orders will be positively completed by March 2025. Previously, the delivery of the 8 traier aircraft was scheduled by March 2024.[6]

Also in September 2024, it was reported that the IAF will begin to receive deliveries of the Tejas Mk1A starting from October 2024, that the fighter aircraft's Israeli software integration being finished and that the aircraft is undergoing final trials.[184] The first Tejas Mk1A will be delivered with the category B engines, which refer to previously used or procured from previous agreements with GE.[184] The F404-IN20 engines are projected to arrive in November 2024, and HAL is expecting to receive two engines every month.[184]

As per reports in late October 2024, GE has again delayed the delivery of first F404-IN20 engines until April 2025 against the ecpected timeline of March–April 2023, a total delay of 2 years. These delays are attributed to supply chains as a South Korean firm with financial issues are unable to deliver certain components of the engine. This subsequently pushed the delivery date of first Mk1A until mid-2025. HAL has 5-6 aircraft ready for delivery while the production rate will be increased to 24 next year. However, the primary constraint was the GE engines. India has no plans to impose penalties on GE for the delays. The Mk1A is in the final stages of trials before delivery.[185][186][187]

Orders

[edit]
  • 31 March 2006 - Indian Government on behalf of the Indian Air Force placed an initial order for twenty LCA Tejas, from HAL, for delivery by December 2011. The order comprised 4 twin seat trainers, and 16 single seat Tejas IOC II.[161] Delivery of the last three aircraft of the order is expected in 2024.[188]
  • 23 December 2010 - Indian Government ordered 20 additional LCA Tejas, comprising 4 twin seat trainers, and 16 single seat Tejas FOC. It was to be delivered by December 2016.[161]
  • 2 February 2021 - Indian Government signed an order for 83 HAL Tejas, comprising 10 additional twin seat trainers, and 73 single seat MK1A LCA with a contract value of ₹48,000 crore (equivalent to ₹540 billion or US$6.5 billion in 2023).
  • 16 September 2023 - Air Chief Marshal VR Chaudhari stated that the Indian Airforce has made the decision to order around 97 more Mark 1A fighter jets.[189]
    • 30 November 2023 - The Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) accorded Acceptance of Necessity (AoN) for procurement of additional 97 Tejas Mk 1A for IAF from Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) under Buy (Indian-IDDM) category[190][191]
    • 12 April 2024 - MoD issued ₹65,000 crore (US$7.8 billion) tender to HAL for 97 Tejas Mark 1A fighter jets.[192] Clearance for the deal expected to be received from Cabinet Committee on Security in December 2024 and deal to be signed by year-end.[193]

Operational history

[edit]

The Tejas Mark 1 made its international debut on 21 January 2016, at the fourth Bahrain International Airshow.[194]

IAF Su-30 MKI, French Rafale, IAF Tejas FOC during Exercise Garuda VII.

On 26 January 2017, Tejas made its maiden appearance in the 68th Republic Day parade by joining in the fly-past over the Kartavya Path (then Rajpath) in New Delhi.[195]

In April 2018, the IAF's entire fleet of Tejas Mark 1 aircraft participated in the Gagan Shakti 2018 exercise. It was the IAF's largest air exercise, involving 1,100 aircraft and 15,000 military personnel. During the exercise, the Tejas were deployed to forward bases and demonstrated their reliability and precision strike capability.[19] In 2019, six Tejas fighter jets participated in the Vayu Shakti air exercise, where it has demonstrated its "swing role" capability.[196]

According to the commanding officer of No. 45 Squadron – Group Captain Samrath Dhankhar, DASH IV HMDS enables the Tejas pilot to take full advantage of high off-boresight close combat missiles,[197] such as Python-5 and R-73.[198]

On 18 August 2020, IAF deployed the No. 45 Squadron "Flying Dagger" on the western front along the Pakistani border (line of control). It was the first operational deployment of Tejas.[199]

On 27 April 2021, Tejas Mark 1 successfully test fired Python-5 high off-boresight (HOBS) close combat missile and further validated enhanced capability of I-Derby ER (extended range) BVR missile. Both missiles scored direct hits on targets during the trial.[48]

No. 18 Squadron IAF at INS Dega, Visakhapatnam for 12th Milan Naval Exercise.

IAF participated in Exercise Desert Flag VIII, with five Tejas and two C-17 Globemaster III aircraft, held in UAE from 27 February to 17 March 2023. This is the first time Tejas participated in an international flying exercise outside India.[200]

On 23 August 2023, Tejas successfully test-fired Astra Beyond Visual Range air-to-air missile off Goa coast. This is the first time when India test fire an indigenously developed BVRAAM from a homegrown fighter aircraft[201][202]

In December 2023, plans were revealed to deploy the first batch of Tejas Mk 1A in the Nal airbase in Bikaner, Rajasthan.[203] No. 3 Squadron and No. 23 Squadron, the last and current operators of MiG-21s, are expected to become the first operators of Tejas Mk1A. Both the squadrons were deployed in Nal AFS by June 2024. The first delivery of Tejas Mk 1A is expected by November 2024.[178][92]

On 26 January 2024, on the occasion of 75th Republic Day of India, four Tejas took part in the parade fly-past held at Kartavya Path, New Delhi.[204]

Tejas (LA-5022) of Squadron No. 18 being flown by Vice chief AP Singh during Exercise Tarang Shakti 2024

HAL Tejas Mk 1 participated in the first phase of Exercise Tarang Shakti 2024. The jets were escorted by a formation of four HAL Tejas Mk 1 aircraft, one of which was piloted by Vice Chief of the Air Staff Air Marshal Amar Preet Singh. The exercise began with Tejas intercepting German, French and Spanish jets as a part of the training exercise.[205] HAL Tejas was assigned to the Red Force (hostile) as well as the Blue Force (friendly) and its capabilities were proved in both the cases. The jet also received appreciation from the foreign pilots who piloted them. On 13 August, the Chief of French Air Force, General Stéphane Mille [fr] and the Chief of German Air Force Lieutenant General Ingo Gerhartz piloted HAL Tejas.[206]

Potential operators

[edit]

HAL proposed exporting the Tejas, with preliminary talks taking place with several friendly countries.[207] It was reported in March 2020 that HAL is willing to set up logistic facilities in Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka and Vietnam as part of exporting the Tejas.[208]

Botswana

[edit]

The Botswana Defence Force Air Wing has approached HAL to procure the Tejas for potentially replacing its Canadair CF-5s due to the aircraft's age and problems of acquiring needed parts for maintenance.[209] The BDFAW has previously considered acquiring Gripens,[210] the F-16,[211] KAI T-50,[212] and the Leonardo M-346.[209]

As of July 2024, there are reports that talks on acquiring the Tejas are suspended.[213]

Brazil

[edit]

In September 2024, the Brazilian Air Force (FAB) has reportedly considered the adoption of the Tejas to replace their AMX and Northrop F-5 jets in service and complement the Saab JAS 39 Gripen, which is being done with a swap of Embraer C-390 Millennium.[214][215][216] FAB wanted to acquire F-16 Fighting Falcon at first from the US, but it was rejected.[217]

According to the FAB, the AMX is due to retire by 2025 with the F-5s being next by 2030.[216] In November 2024, Brazil offered to India a swap between the C-390 Millenium and the HAL Tejas, to replace the older F-5s in operation,[218] an Indian delegation is set to visit Brazil in December 2024 to negotiate the deal.[219]

Congo

[edit]

In October 2024, a report suggested that the Air Force of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (FAC) was interested to acquire HAL Tejas.[220] It was reported in August 2024 where a FAC delegation visited India to speak with HAL representatives about the Tejas.[220]

Nigeria

[edit]

On December 7, 2023, HAL reported that Nigeria has expressed interest in acquiring the Tejas.[221] It is reportedly in competition with the JF-17.[222]

As of July 2024, there are reports that talks on acquiring the Tejas are suspended.[213]

Failed bids

[edit]

Argentina

[edit]

The Argentine Air Force had indicated its interest in possibly purchasing the Tejas, as part of its modernization initiative.[223] HAL had offered the Tejas to Argentina, amidst other offers of the JF-17 from China and the MiG-35 from Russia.[224][225] Multiple sources had also indicated that the Tejas may likely be a good option for Argentina.[226]

However, any potential sale of the Tejas to Argentina may likely be threatened by British imposed arms sanctions, since the Tejas utilizes the British Martin-Baker MK16 IN16 GS Tejas ejection seat, along with other British-origin components — including an aerial-refueling probe and a quartz radome, both supplied by Cobham Limited.[227][223] The UK has barred any sale of military-equipment consisting of British-manufactured parts to Argentina ever since the 1982 Falklands War.[228] Argentina's previous efforts to procure modern fighter aircraft, including the Mirage F1M, the IAI Kfir, the JAS 39 Gripen and the KAI FA-50 were scuttled due to British diplomatic pressure, since the aforementioned aircraft were found to contain UK-origin parts.[229][230]

Given the nature of the Argentine-specific sanctions, the Tejas would essentially be subject to UK-scrutiny. Nevertheless, HAL reportedly stated multiple times that they are willing to accommodate Argentinian requests to retrofit the Tejas,[231][232] and had offered a customised-variant of the Tejas which replaces around 50-specific components and the substitutes all major British-origin components with diplomatically suitable non-British alternatives,[233] including possibly substituting the ejection seat with one indigenously developed and manufactured in India.[234] However, any customisation to the HAL Tejas would encompass considerable changes to the aircraft's design and additional flight certification.[235] Subsequently, there were indications that the Argentines were willing to look at the JF-17 because of concerns that the time and money required to modify the Tejas to remove non-British parts was beyond what Buenos Aires was willing to spend.[236][237]

In December 2022, the Argentine government decided to abandon the decision to acquire new fighter aircraft.[238] With President Alberto Fernandez stating in an interview that “Argentina has to allocate its resources to more important things than the purchase of military aircraft. We are in a very unequal continent, but there are no war problems and unity among countries is sought."[238][239] In July 2023,[240] Argentine newspaper La Nacion reported that Tejas had been eliminated, with the remaining options being second-hand Danish F-16 fighters or Chinese-Pakistani JF-17s, both which the bidding selection board deemed more advantageous.[241] In March 2024, Denmark agreed to the purchase of 24 Danish F-16s by Argentina.[242]

Australia

[edit]

In July 2020, the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) had issued a tender, seeking a new jet trainer to replace its fleet of BAE Hawk 127 trainer aircraft.[243] According to HAL's "58th Annual Report" covering 2020–2021, HAL had offered the HAL Tejas in its "Lead in Fighter Trainer" (LIFT) configuration to Australia's Department of Defence (DoD) in July 2020.[244] Other aircraft also reported to be participating in the tender were the Boeing-Saab T-7 Red Hawk, the Aermacchi M-346 Master and the KAI T-50.[245]

However, the Australian Government rejected a government to government deal proposed by the Indian government for 35 Tejas LIFT aircraft for US $1 billion.[246] During bilateral defence talks held in September 2021, The Indian Express reported Australia's lack of interest in the offer.[247] In February 2022, the Australian government decided to take up a proposal by BAE to upgrade and refurbish its Hawks with new engines and avionics, extending their lifespan until 2032.[248]

Egypt

[edit]

During the Dubai Airshow 2021, Egyptian officials expressed their interest in procuring 70 LCA Tejas[249] to replace 100 Hongdu JL-8s.[250] Following the Dubai Airshow 2021, HAL and Indian Air Force officials visited Cairo and discussions were going on. As of June 2022, India has offered to set up local production facilities for the LCA Tejas and also for the Light Utility and Light Combat Helicopters in Egypt.[251]

During Aero India 2023, it was reported that Egypt was seeking around 20 multi-role aircraft.[252] HAL previously reported that 35 LCA Mk-1As were being offered in a contract.[252][221] In August 2024, it was reported that an agreement to purchase the Chinese Chengdu J-10C, had been signed.[253]

Malaysia

[edit]

Malaysia had frequently indicated that it may be interested in purchasing the HAL Tejas for the Royal Malaysian Air Force (RMAF), as part of its attempts to supplement its MiG-29 fleet; reports of Malaysian interest in procuring the aircraft date back to as early as 2019.[254]

In March 2019, the HAL Tejas made its international debut at the Langkawi International Maritime and Aerospace Exhibition (LIMA); its presence reportedly generated a great deal of interest, especially by the RMAF.[255] However, in mid-2019, HAL's prospects of exporting the HAL Tejas to Malaysia were severely blemished, owing to diplomatic tussles between India and Malaysia.[256] After the diplomatic skirmishes had ceased in 2020,[257][258] an RMAF delegation reportedly visited HAL's manufacturing-facility at Bangalore in 2021, to assess the suitability of the HAL Tejas. Possibly in anticipation of a potential order — reaffirming Malaysia's interest in the aircraft.[259][260]

In 2021, the RMAF formally released a tender and request for proposals for the supply of 18 light combat-aircraft - labelled as the "Fighter Lead In Trainer-Light Combat Aircraft" (FLIT/LCA), in an effort to supplant its ageing BAE Hawk 108/208 light-combat aircraft and its MB-339CM trainers.[261][262][263] Six aircraft were running in the bid for the FLIT/LCA tender — the HAL Tejas MK1A, KAI FA-50, HAIC L-15, Aermacchi M-346, TAI Hürjet and Mikoyan MiG-35.[263] Coincidentally, the JF-17 — which was reported to be a leading choice for the RMAF, did not participate in the FLIT/LCA tender.[264][265]

In February 2023, the Malaysian government announced that the South Korean bid had won the tender with the Tejas failing to win the contract.[266] Malaysia subsequently ordered 18 KAI FA-50 Block 20 aircraft worth US$920 million.[267] The FA-50 was reportedly chosen because of it being a tried-and-tested platform in service with numerous countries while the Tejas is largely unproven and untested, with the Indian Air Force being the sole operator. Logistics issues and the FA-50 better meeting the RMAF's FLIT/LCA requirements were also other factors.[268]

Philippines

[edit]

In May 2022, India and the Philippines signed an MOU with the Philippine Aerospace Development Corporation,[269] which mentioned the consideration of purchasing the Tejas and other Indian-made aircraft.[270] On July 7, 2022, the Tejas was dropped from further consideration from the multi-role fighter jet (MRF) project. The F-16V Block 70/72 and the JAS-39 Gripen C/D+ are currently the main contenders for the Philippine Air Force's MRF project.[271]

In February 2024, HAL reported that it has offered the Tejas Mark 1A to the PADC as a naval strike platform, equipped with the BrahMos NG missile. HAL also agreed to help set up a local partnership for the assembly of the MK1A.[272]

Sri Lanka

[edit]

In 2018, it had been reported that Sri Lanka had shown interest in purchasing the Tejas to replace its aging fleets of IAI Kfir and Chengdu J-7 aircraft.[273] The intention was for the acquisition of 8 to 12 aircraft to be pursued through a government-government basic agreement.[274]

In 2021, the Sri Lankan government decided to overhaul their Kfirs instead rather than buying new aircraft, which would cost around $40 million per unit compared to $49 million in total for overhauling all five Kfirs.[275]

United Arab Emirates

[edit]

The Tejas had attracted interest from the United Arab Emirates (UAE), with some discussions held during a visit by UAE Minister of State and Defence, Mohammed Ahmed Al Bowardi Al Falacy, during a state visit in October 2018, as part of growing defence relations between India and UAE.[276] By May 2022, Tejas had failed to gain any further interest[277] with the UAE placing an order for 80 Rafale F4s from France.

In February 2023, the UAE signed a deal for purchase of 12 Hongdu L-15 trainer and light combat aircraft from China,[278] with options for another 36.[279] UAE officials stated the L-15 order aligned with the UAE's framework for diversifying the military's sources of equipment.[280]

United States

[edit]

In December 2020, in response to a Request for Information (RFI) from the United States Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR), HAL offered the "Lead In Fighter Trainer" variant of the HAL Tejas — classified as the "HAL Tejas LIFT", to the United States Navy (USN), as part the latter's initiative to replace its fleet of T-45 Goshawk trainer aircraft, dubbed the "Undergraduate Jet Training System".[281][282] Other aircraft participating in the UJTS, are the T-7 Red Hawk — offered by Boeing in partnership with Saab, and the KAI T-50A Golden Eagle — offered by Korea Aerospace Industries (KAI), in partnership with Lockheed Martin.[283]

Despite being the only aircraft among the three to be reportedly capable of undertaking operations from an aircraft carrier, the prospects of the USN selecting the HAL Tejas LIFT are reportedly slim, according to multiple sources.[282][284][285] Several reasons suggested as the cause of the LIFT's bleak prospects in the UJTS are that HAL has refrained from partnering with a US-based company to offer the LIFT (unlike the consortiums of Boeing-Saab and KAI-Lockheed Martin, offering the T-7 and the T-50A, respectively), a lack of export orders for the type, and its delta-wing design — which makes it less-suitable for low-speed landing.[286]

Variants

[edit]
Ski-jump takeoff of by Tejas NP-2 at INS Hansa

Prototypes

[edit]

Aircraft already built and projected models to be built. Model designations, tail numbers and dates of first flight are shown.

Technology Demonstrators (TD)
  • TD-1 (KH2001) – 4 January 2001.[45][287]
  • TD-2 (KH2002) – 6 June 2002.[45]
Prototype Vehicles (PV)
  • PV-1 (KH2003) – First flight on 25 November 2003.[288]
  • PV-2 (KH2004) – First flight on 1 December 2005.
  • PV-3 (KH2005) – First flight on 1 December 2006.
  • PV-5 (KH-T2009) – First flight on 26 November 2009 – Fighter/Trainer variant.[45]
  • PV-6 (KH-T2010) – First flight on 8 November 2014 – Fighter/Trainer variant.[2]
Naval Prototypes (NP)
  • NP-1 (KHN-T3001) – Two-seat naval variant for carrier operations. Rolled out in July 2010.[99] NP-1 made its first flight on 27 April 2012.[289]
  • NP-2 (NAVY3002) – Single-seat naval variant. First flight on 7 February 2015 with ski-jump take-off and arrested landing required in STOBAR carrier.[290]
  • NP-5 (NAVY3005) – Two-seat naval variant. First flight on 29 August 2023. Built to production standard incorporating improvements learned from NP-1 and NP-2.[291] It will help in the development of HAL TEDBF.[3]
Limited Series Production (LSP) aircraft
Tejas LSP-7 (KH2017) firing Python-5.
  • LSP-1 (KH2011) – 25 April 2007. This LCA is powered by F404-F2J3 Engine.[292][45]
  • LSP-2 (KH2012) – 16 June 2008. This is the first LCA fitted with F404-IN20 engine.[292]
  • LSP-3 (KH2013) – 23 April 2010. The first aircraft to have the Hybrid MMR radar[40] and will be close to the IOC standard.
  • LSP-4 (KH2014) – June 2010. The first aircraft that was flown in the (Mark 1) configuration that will be delivered to the Indian Air Force.[293] The aircraft flew with the Hybrid MMR, a Countermeasure Dispensing System, and an identify friend or foe electronic system.[294]
  • LSP-5 (KH2015) – 19 November 2010. IOC standard, with all sensors including night lighting in the cockpit, and an auto-pilot.[295]
  • LSP-7 (KH2017) – First flight on 9 March 2012.[296]
  • LSP-8 (KH2018) – First flight trial completed in March 2013. LSP 8 is the final version upon which production is based.[4]

Production variants

[edit]
HAL Tejas at the 2022 Singapore Airshow
  • Tejas Mark 1 − Single-seat operational variant for the Indian Air Force. 16 aircraft have been delivered in IOC standard constituting No. 45 Squadron IAF. Delivery of the Tejas Mark 1 in FOC standard has begun and 18 Squadron (Flying Bullets) was equipped with the first aircraft in May 2020.[62] FOC standard Tejas Mark 1 are BVRAAM capable, with general flight envelope expansion, increased angle of attack, higher g-limit of +9 g,[297] updated avionics and flight control software suite, as well as capable of hot refueling and aerial refueling.[62] Delivery of all 32 single seat Tejas Mk 1 aircraft is complete.[163]
  • Tejas Trainer − Two-seat operational conversion trainer for the Indian Air Force; also act as LiFT (Lead-in Fighter Trainer) and ground-attack aircraft.
  • Tejas Mark 1A − An enhanced Tejas Mark 1 equipped with EL/M-2052 and Uttam AESA radar, self-protection jammer, radar warning receiver, as well as being able to mount an external ECM pod.[298][76] The first Limited Series Production (LSP) aircraft of the Mark.1A variant rolled out in April 2022, and meant to be used as a Flying Testbed (FTB). A second LSP rolled out in late 2022, and shall be used to validate design changes meant to make the Mark.1A variant lighter than the Mark.1, and to optimize weight distribution.[299][172][173]

Future developments

[edit]
  • SPORT - Supersonic Omni-Role Trainer (SPORT) aircraft is a two-seater Lead-in Fighter Training (LiFT) aircraft being developed from the LCA Trainer Mark 1 for export purposes as light fighter.[300]
  • Tejas Mark 2 - or Medium Weight Fighter, is an enhanced Tejas Mark 1 design which is expected to have a more powerful engine and an increased payload carrying capacity.[301] The Tejas Mark 2 will feature an AESA radar, an on-board oxygen generation system and a built-in electronic warfare suite among other improvements to avionics.[302] In January 2019, Air Chief Marshal Birender Singh Dhanoa said that the IAF has committed to procure twelve squadrons of Tejas Mark 2 aircraft.[303]
  • CATS MAX - The main component of HAL Combat Air Teaming System (CATS), CATS MAX will be a twin seater Tejas Mark 1A modified with CATS interface to act as the mothership of CATS components. The CATS MAX is to be crewed by a pilot and a weapon system officer (WSO), with the later controlling the CATS.[304][305]
  • Tejas Trainer - NP-5 based operational conversion trainer for the Indian Navy, with IFR-probe. Indian Navy was reported to be considering HAL's proposal to reestablish a "Carrier Training Squadron" with 18 Naval Tejas, that would be posted on both of India's carriers and additionally serve as point defence interceptors.

Cancelled variants

[edit]
  • Tejas Mark 1 Navy - Naval Variant based on HAL Tejas Mark 1 powered by F404 engine. Cancelled in favour of the new twin-engine naval fighter HAL TEDBF.[306]
  • Tejas Mark 2 Navy - Proposed naval variant based on the Tejas Mk 2. Cancelled in favour of the HAL TEDBF.[307]
  • Tejas Trainer IN - Two-seat operational conversion trainer for the Indian Navy. Cancelled in favour of the HAL TEDBF.[307]

Operators

[edit]
 India

Accidents and Incidents

[edit]
  • 12 March 2024: A Tejas from the No. 18 Squadron (Flying Bullets) of the Indian Air Force crashed near Jaisalmer, Rajasthan after taking part in a tri-service exercise, Bharat Shakti. The pilot ejected safely and no one was harmed.[317][318] The crash was the first for the indigenously built aircraft in its operational history of around 8 years and the first since its maiden flight 23 years ago.[319][320] An investigation launched for the matter stated that an "oil pump malfunction" led to engine seizure resulting the crash.[321]

Specifications (Tejas Mk-1A)

[edit]
3-view line drawing of Tejas Mark 1A

Data from Tejas,[322] DRDO Techfocus,[323] Jane's All the World's Aircraft,[128] DFI Tejas Mk-1A[324]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 1 or 2
  • Length: 13.2 m (43 ft 4 in)
  • Wingspan: 8.2 m (26 ft 11 in)
  • Height: 4.4 m (14 ft 5 in)
  • Wing area: 38.4 m2 (413 sq ft)
  • Empty weight: 6,560 kg (14,462 lb)
  • Gross weight: 9,800 kg (21,605 lb)
  • Max takeoff weight: 13,500 kg (29,762 lb) [325]
  • Fuel capacity: 2,458 kg (5,419 lb)3,060 L (670 imp gal; 810 US gal) internal; 2 × 1,200 L (260 imp gal; 320 US gal), 800 L (180 imp gal; 210 US gal) drop tank inboard, 725 L (159 imp gal; 192 US gal) drop tank under fuselage
  • Payload: 4,500 kg (9,900 lb)[326] – 5,300 kg (11,700 lb) external stores[325][327]
  • Powerplant: 1 × General Electric F404-GE-IN20 afterburning turbofan with FADEC, 85 kN (19,000 lbf) with afterburner[328][329]

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 2,220 km/h (1,380 mph, 1,200 kn)
  • Maximum speed: Mach 1.8[330][331]
  • Combat range: 739 km (459 mi, 399 nmi) [332][333]
  • Ferry range: 3,000 km (1,864.1 mi, 1,619.9 nmi) [334]
  • Service ceiling: 16,000 m (52,500 ft) [325][335]
  • g limits: +9/-3.5[336][337]
  • Wing loading: 255.2 kg/m2 (52.3 lb/sq ft)
  • Thrust/weight: 1.07[338]

Armament

Avionics

See also

[edit]

Related development

Related lists

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ 9 Prototypes (6 PV,[2] 3 Naval[3]), 8 LSP,[4] 32 Tejas Mk 1,[5] 4 Tejas trainers[6]

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ Jain, Smriti (1 July 2016). "Tejas: IAF inducts HAL's 'Made in India' Light Combat Aircraft – 10 special facts about the LCA". The Financial Express. Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b "Tejas trainer PV6 completes first flight". www.spsmai.com. SP Guide publications. 16 November 2014. ISSN 2230-9268. Archived from the original on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  3. ^ a b "LCA Navy prototype NP5 completes successful maiden flight: DRDO". The Indian Express. 18 August 2023. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
  4. ^ a b "Tejas LSP-8 makes its maiden flight". The New Indian Express. 1 April 2013. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
  5. ^ "Delivery of single-seat Tejas LCA Mark 1 fighters to IAF completed". Business Standard. 23 August 2023.
  6. ^ a b c "HAL to deliver last four LCA Mk-1 trainers to IAF in 6 months". Hindustan Times. 18 September 2024.
  7. ^ "After 32 years, India finally gets LCA Tejas aircraft". Economic Times. 17 January 2015. Archived from the original on 29 March 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  8. ^ a b c d Rajkumar, Mike (7 July 2018). "India's Tejas clears in-flight refuelling hurdle". Flight Global. Archived from the original on 3 June 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
  9. ^ "Aircraft Certification | Defence Research and Development Organisation - DRDO, Ministry of Defence, Government of India". www.drdo.gov.in. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
  10. ^ "HAL hands over first LCA Tejas twin seater aircraft to IAF". The Hindu. 4 October 2023. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
  11. ^ "Indigenous Tejas joins IAF's fighter squadron". The Hindu. 1 July 2016. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
  12. ^ Peri, Dinakar (28 May 2016). "Tejas to replace MiG as key fighter". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
  13. ^ "Tejas not being inducted as replacement of MIG-21 fighter jet: Defence Ministry". Times Now News. 20 December 2021. Archived from the original on 20 December 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
  14. ^ Tewary, Amarnath (6 July 2016). "Pokhran-II delayed Tejas project, says former scientist". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 13 October 2021. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
  15. ^ Siddiqui, Huma (6 October 2021). "LCA could be a good option for Argentine Air Force, says a source". The Financial Express. Archived from the original on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
  16. ^ "Fit to fly: The Tejas, first India-designed fighter jet". BBC News. 10 January 2011. Archived from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
  17. ^ a b c d Rajkumar, Mike (19 March 2020). "Deal for 83 Tejas fighters passes bureaucratic hurdle". Flight Global. Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  18. ^ "DAC nod to buy 97 Tejas jets, 156 combat helicopters". The Indian Express. 30 November 2023. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  19. ^ a b Gady, Franz-Stefan (16 April 2018). "Tejas Fighter Jets Participate in India's Biggest Air Combat Exercise". thediplomat.com. Archived from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  20. ^ "Indigenous content of Tejas 59.7% by value & 75.5% by numbers The Minister of State for Defence, Subhash Bhamre, reported to Parliament". Press Trust of India. 18 November 2016. Archived from the original on 9 December 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2017 – via indianexpress.com.
  21. ^ "Prime Minister visits HAL facilities in Bengaluru; Appreciates its growing capabilities". pib.gov.in. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  22. ^ a b c Alex Philip, Snehesh (8 August 2021). "Tejas flying record world's best, criticism unfortunate, says IAF veteran who flew LCA at 78". ThePrint. Archived from the original on 31 October 2021. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
  23. ^ a b Alex Philip, Snehesh (24 May 2021). "11 down in 5 yrs, 3 in 2021, but many in IAF still swear by MiG-21s despite its 'safety record'". ThePrint. Archived from the original on 31 October 2021. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
  24. ^ Biswas, Shreya (1 July 2016). "Tejas Light Combat Aircraft: Here's how India created its first Flying Dagger". India Today. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  25. ^ Subramanian, T.S (11 March 2011). "Technology giant". Frontline. The Hindu Group. ISSN 0970-1710. Archived from the original on 28 February 2021.
  26. ^ a b Reddy, C.Manmohan (16 September 2002). "LCA economics". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 17 March 2009. Retrieved 31 October 2021.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  27. ^ "Dassault wins Indian LCA contract". Flight International. London. 24 October 1987. Archived from the original on 22 December 2017.
  28. ^ a b c d e f g h Rajkumar, Philip (1 January 2007). Tejas Story: The Light Combat Aircraft Project. Manohar Publishers and Distributors. pp. 47–49. ISBN 978-8173047640.
  29. ^ "Tejas chief designer felicitated". The Hindu. 22 August 2016. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 31 October 2021. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
  30. ^ Mama, Hormuz (4 November 1998). "Indian ambition". Flight Global. Archived from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 27 January 2023.
  31. ^ Taylor, Michael J. H (1 May 1999). Brassey's World Aircraft & Systems Directory 1999-2000. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 29–30. ISBN 978-1857532456.
  32. ^ Reddy, C Manmohan (13 March 2003). "The LCA success". frontline.thehindu.com. Archived from the original on 27 January 2023. Retrieved 27 January 2023.
  33. ^ "PICTURES: India's Tejas receives initial operational clearance". Flight Global. 26 December 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
  34. ^ "Bengaluru: 1.2m trisonic wind tunnel at National Aerospace Laboratories completes 55 years of service". ANI. 6 June 2022. Retrieved 22 November 2024.
  35. ^ Taylor, John W.R; Munson, Kenneth; Taylor, Michael J.H (1989). "HAL Light Combat Aircraft" in "Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1989-1990". Coulsdon, Surrey, UK: Jane's Information Group. p. 104. ISBN 0-7106-0896-9.
  36. ^ a b Aroor, Shiv (7 April 2006). "'Indigenous' aircraft needs foreign lift, for its radar". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 8 January 2016. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  37. ^ a b c d e f g Kapur, Vivek (1 January 2018). Indian Aircraft Industry: Possible Innovations for Success in the Twenty-First Century. KW Publishers. pp. 57–58. ISBN 978-9386288684.
  38. ^ a b Sharma, Ravi (3 October 2008). "LCA to be fitted with Israeli multi-mode radar". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 6 October 2008. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  39. ^ "Tejas Light Combat Supersonic Fighter". Airforce Technology. Archived from the original on 11 April 2020. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
  40. ^ a b c Krishnan M, Anantha (22 April 2010). "LCA Set To Fly With Israeli Radar". Aviation Week & Space Technology. Aviation Week Network. Archived from the original on 10 May 2011. Retrieved 30 June 2014.
  41. ^ a b c d Sharma, Ravi (24 February 2021). "At least half of the 123 Tejas fighters ordered by the IAF to have India-made fire control radar". Frontline. ISSN 0970-1710. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021.
  42. ^ Pubby, Manu (13 January 2021). "India clears deal to manufacture LCA Mk1A 'Tejas' fighter jets for the air force". The Economic Times. The Times Group. Archived from the original on 13 January 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
  43. ^ Alex Philip, Snehesh (13 January 2021). "Govt clears Rs 48,000-cr deal for 83 Tejas fighters — all you want to know about the aircraft". ThePrint. Archived from the original on 2 September 2021. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  44. ^ "Tejas Aircraft Not A Replacement For MIG-21 Fighters: Defence Ministry". NDTV. 20 December 2021. Archived from the original on 20 December 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
  45. ^ a b c d e f g Schillings, Melissa; Shankar, Ravi (1 August 2019). "Case 3: Tejas - A Dream LCA Project for the Indian Armed Forces". Strategic Management of Technological Innovation (6 ed.). McGraw-Hill. pp. 333–334. ISBN 978-9353168315.
  46. ^ a b Peri, Dinakar (11 January 2020). "Naval variant of LCA Tejas successfully lands on carrier". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 24 June 2020. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
  47. ^ "Tejas test-fires missile successfully". The Hindu. 1 December 2010. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  48. ^ a b Bedi, Rahul; Dominguez, Gabriel (28 April 2021). "India test-fires Python 5 AAM from Tejas LCA". Janes.com. Archived from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
  49. ^ Sharma, Ravi (5 February 2009). "Tejas crosses a milestone". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 7 February 2009. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
  50. ^ Krishnan M, Anantha (29 May 2014). "Advanced Weapon Trials of Tejas Fighter Completed". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
  51. ^ a b c Krishnan M, Anantha (5 February 2014). "Tejas Set to Begin High-altitude Trials". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 2 November 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  52. ^ a b "Tejas undergoes second phase of hot weather trials". Hindustan Times. 13 June 2010. Archived from the original on 2 November 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  53. ^ Krishnan M, Anantha (15 September 2010). "Indian LCA Undergoing Sea Trials". Aviation Week & Space Technology. Aviation Week Network. Archived from the original on 10 May 2011. Retrieved 30 June 2014.
  54. ^ "LCA Tejas successfully testfires Chaff, Flares". The New Indian Express. 3 December 2010. Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
  55. ^ Shukla, Ajai (27 November 2012). "After three months on ground, combat aircraft Tejas resumes test flight". Business Standard India. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  56. ^ Krishnan M, Anantha (28 September 2013). "Maiden engine relight test of Tejas held". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 17 May 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2013.
  57. ^ Ayyappan, V (15 April 2023). "Production of Tejas LCA gets fillip". The Times of India. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  58. ^ Sharma, Ravi (3 December 2006). "IAF team to oversee LCA induction and operation". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 8 January 2016. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  59. ^ Prasad, K. V. "Tejas gets Initial Operational Clearance." The Hindu, (Chennai, India), 10 January 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2012. Archived 2 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  60. ^ Krishnan M, Anantha (8 December 2013). "Tejas Fires Missile, Clears Final Test; Big Step in Bangalore on December 20". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 23 December 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
  61. ^ a b Bhatnagar, Gaurav Vivek (19 December 2013). "Tejas all set to get certification for IAF induction". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 20 December 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
  62. ^ a b c d e f Thomas, Wilson (27 May 2020). "IAF operationalises second LCA squadron, inducts first LCA Tejas in FOC standard". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  63. ^ Krishnan M, Anantha (5 February 2014). "Tejas Set to Begin High-altitude Trials". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 2 November 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  64. ^ Gady, Franz-Stefan (28 February 2018). "India's Tejas Light Combat Aircraft Inches Closer to Final Operational Clearance". thediplomat.com. Archived from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  65. ^ a b c d e f g h Rajkumar, Mike (8 February 2019). "ANALYSIS: Tejas regaining its lustre". Flight Global. Archived from the original on 19 September 2020. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
  66. ^ Press Trust of India (4 January 2019). "HAL gets nod to produce weaponised version of LCA Tejas". The Economic Times. Press Trust of India. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
  67. ^ "Finally, FOC certification for Mark I Tejas". The Hindu. 20 February 2019. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  68. ^ Siddiqui, Huma (17 March 2020). "Wow! Tejas, 1st indigenous Light Combat Aircraft in Final Operational Clearance-standard, takes to skies". The Financial Express. Indian Express Limited. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  69. ^ "INAUGURATION AND CLEARANCE OF FULL MISSION SIMULATOR FOR LCA-MK1 - DRDO Newsletter" (PDF). DRDO. 6 January 2022. p. 15. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 January 2022. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  70. ^ Peri, Dinakar (10 May 2015). "LCA Mark-I has limited capability: CAG". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
  71. ^ a b Shukla, Ajai (29 December 2021). "Indian Air force clears Tejas Mark 2 design, production in 2023". Business Standard India. Archived from the original on 31 December 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
  72. ^ a b c d Jha, Saurav (31 January 2021). "Tejas at the end of the tunnel". Deccan Herald. Archived from the original on 11 July 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
  73. ^ Singh, Angad (17 January 2021). "Tejas keeps India's capability gap with China under check. It is HAL's game to lose now". ThePrint. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
  74. ^ Vijayan, Vipin (21 February 2024). "Process to equip LCA Tejas with futuristic weapons takes off". Asianet News Network. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
  75. ^ Bali, Pawan (14 January 2021). "Centre clears purchase of 83 Tejas Mk-1A for Indian Air Force". Deccan Chronicle. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
  76. ^ a b c d Krishnan M., Anantha (6 August 2020). "Upgraded Tejas fighter, touted as 'real desi game-changer', to fly in 2022-23". The Week. Archived from the original on 7 August 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  77. ^ Peri, Dinakar (9 January 2022). "'Light Combat Aircraft MK-1A to take flight in June'". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 17 July 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  78. ^ a b Linganna, Girish (4 July 2022). "HAL flies Tejas Mk1A Flying Test Bed, superior to PAF JF-17 Block 3". Frontier India. Archived from the original on 17 July 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  79. ^ Negi, Manjeet (16 October 2023). "India-made light combat aircraft Mark 1A to be equipped with indigenous systems". India Today. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  80. ^ "Tejas MK-1A completes maiden flight, first delivery soon". The Times of India. 28 March 2024. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  81. ^ "EW Suite for LCA Mk1A" (PDF). DRDO Policy and Procedures for Transfer of Technology. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  82. ^ "BEL receives ₹2,400 crore order from HAL". The Hindu. 16 December 2021. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
  83. ^ "HAL signs ToT with CSIR-NAL for BMI Engine Bay Door for Series Production of LCA-Tejas Mk1A". The Economic Times. 8 November 2023. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  84. ^ "HAL, NAL sign tech transfer pact for Tejas engine day door production". Moneycontrol. 22 April 2024. Retrieved 22 April 2024.
  85. ^ a b "DRDO hands over first batch of indigenous Leading Edge Actuators & Airbrake Control Module to HAL for LCA Tejas Mk1A". pib.gov.in. Retrieved 20 April 2024.
  86. ^ a b "DRDO takes another major step towards self-reliance in aeronautical technologies". The Statesman. 19 April 2024. Retrieved 20 April 2024.
  87. ^ "IAF to get 1st Tejas Mk1A in February 2024 : HAL gets enquiries for LCH Prachand from various countries including Argentina & Egypt". IgMp. 23 October 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
  88. ^ "Annual Report 2022 - HAL" (PDF). HAL. 1 August 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 January 2023. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  89. ^ "HAL ANALYST MEET-2023" (PDF). HAL. 17 May 2023.
  90. ^ "'Airborne for 15 minutes': HAL successfully completes first flight of Made in India LCA Mark 1A fighter aircraft". Firstpost. 28 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  91. ^ Kumar, Chethan (28 March 2024). "Tejas MK-1A completes maiden flight, first delivery soon". The Times of India. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
  92. ^ a b c d Pubby, Manu (3 August 2024). "Despite engine delays, production of indigenous LCA jets on". The Economic Times. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
  93. ^ Philip, Snehesh Alex (18 September 2024). "Not just engines, Tejas Mk-1A delivery could be hit over key Danish part, now on export blacklist". ThePrint. Retrieved 11 October 2024.
  94. ^ "Indian Air Force likely to get its first Tejas Mk-1A aircraft in July". Hindustan Times. 16 May 2024. Retrieved 17 May 2024.
  95. ^ Waldron, Greg (20 February 2019). "AERO INDIA: Tejas Mk2 gets canards, big payload boost". Flight Global. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
  96. ^ "DIAT system soon to monitor in-flight health of Tejas Mk-II - Indian Express". The Indian Express. 13 August 2011. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
  97. ^ a b "LCA does 1st carrier landing, but will Indian Navy ever buy it?". The Week. 11 January 2020. Archived from the original on 2 July 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
  98. ^ "ADA LCA Navy Programme". Aeronautical Development Agency. Archived from the original on 10 May 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
  99. ^ a b Rao, Radhakrishna (7 July 2010). "PICTURE: India rolls out naval version of Tejas fighter". Flight Global. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  100. ^ Kumar, Chethan. "LCA naval variant's first flight on Friday." Deccan Herald, 25 April 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2012. Archived 2 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  101. ^ a b c d Peri, Dinakar (23 December 2014). "Naval LCA makes first flight from ski-jump". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
  102. ^ Bedi, Rahul (5 December 2016). "Indian Navy rejects naval version of Tejas LCA, seeks alternative – IHS Jane's 360". janes.com. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
  103. ^ Jennings, Gareth (26 January 2017). "India seeks new naval fighter to replace rejected Tejas LCA". IHS Jane's 360. Archived from the original on 24 February 2017. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
  104. ^ Kaushik, Krishn (5 February 2021). "Tejas done, focus on three other fighter jets: two for IAF, one Navy". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  105. ^ a b c "India's LCA makes arrested landing, as twin-engined fighter planned". Flight Global. 15 January 2020. Archived from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
  106. ^ "DRDO does it again! Watch first-ever successful night-time landing of Naval version of LCA". The Financial Express (India). 13 November 2019. Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
  107. ^ a b Siddiqui, Huma (2 December 2019). "Light Combat Aircraft for Indian Navy: DRDO updates naval aircraft's progress". The Financial Express (India). Retrieved 17 July 2021.
  108. ^ Peri, Dinakar (13 July 2020). "Navy to get new carrier-based jet by 2032, to replace MiG-29K". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
  109. ^ Jennings, Gareth (4 February 2021). "Aero India 2021: Indian TEDBF naval fighter showcased by HAL". Janes.com. Archived from the original on 6 August 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2021.
  110. ^ Chandra, Atul (9 February 2021). "New Delhi forges ahead with new naval fighter, AMCA". Flight Global. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2021.
  111. ^ Peri, Dinaker (6 February 2023). "In major milestone, Naval LCA lands on INS Vikrant". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
  112. ^ a b "₹11,096 cr. spent on LCA and Kaveri engine projects so far, says govt". The Hindu. 4 March 2020. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 24 June 2020. Retrieved 4 November 2021. Of the specified amount, ₹9063.96 crore was spent on LCA and ₹2032 crore on the Kaveri Engine.
  113. ^ Singh, Mayank (13 January 2021). "Biggest indigenous procurement, CCS approves procurement of 83 HAL manufactured fighters costing Rs 45,000 crore". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2021. Cabinet...approved procurement of 73 LCA Tejas Mk-1A fighter aircrafts [sic] and 10 LCA Tejas Mk-1 Trainer aircrafts [sic] at the cost of Rs. 45,696 crore along with Design and Development of Infrastructure sanctions worth Rs.1,202 crore.
  114. ^ Shukla, Ajai (11 January 2014). "HAL pegs price of Tejas fighter at Rs 162 crore". Business Standard. Archived from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
  115. ^ a b "Several nations have shown interest in buying Tejas aircraft: HAL chairman". Press Trust of India. 25 January 2021. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021 – via Business Standard.
  116. ^ Shukla, Ajai (18 January 2020). "At $43 million each, the Tejas Mark 1A competes in export market". Business Standard. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
  117. ^ "Expect to deliver first Tejas Mark-1A aircraft in 36 months from signing contract: HAL". CNBC TV18. 18 January 2020. Archived from the original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  118. ^ Philip, Snehesh Alex (4 February 2021). "India looking at Tejas exports at Rs 309 crore per aircraft, HAL chairman says". The Print. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
  119. ^ a b c "This is what makes India's Tejas aircraft unique". The Indian Express. 1 July 2016. Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
  120. ^ a b Jackson, Paul (2007). Jane's All the World's Aircraft 2007-2008. Jane's Information Group. p. 246. ISBN 9780710627926.
  121. ^ a b c d Khera, Kishore Kumar (28 October 2020). Combat Aviation: Flight Path 1968-2018. India: K W Publishers. pp. 157–158. ISBN 978-9389137446.
  122. ^ Pandey, B.K (1 July 2016). "Flying Daggers 45 takes wings". www.spsmai.com. SP Guide publications. ISSN 2230-9268. Archived from the original on 6 November 2021. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  123. ^ Jain, Smriti (20 February 2019). "Aero India 2019: Lethal Make in India BrahMos NG integrated with Tejas! India eyes huge defence exports market". The Financial Express. Archived from the original on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
  124. ^ Mathews, Neelam (17 July 2006). "Light Steps: India's LCA may be moving at a sedate pace, but it's progressing nonetheless". Aviation Week & Space Technology. Vol. 165, no. 3. New York. p. 126. ISSN 0005-2175.
  125. ^ Prasad, N. Eswara; Wanhill, R. J. H (11 November 2016). Aerospace Materials and Material Technologies. Springer Singapore. pp. 335–336. ISBN 9789811021343.
  126. ^ "Radiance of the Tejas: The Brawn and Brains of the Light Combat Aircraft (Special Edition)". Vayu Aerospace and Defence Review. 1: 2–3. February 2005. OCLC 62787146.
  127. ^ Dreger, Paul (February 2004). "SE Asia Indigenous Fighter Programmes". Military Technology. Vol. 28, no. 2. Bonne. pp. 28–30. ISSN 0722-3226.
  128. ^ a b c Jackson, Paul; Peacock, Lindsay; Bushell, Susan; Willis, David; Winchester, Jim, eds. (2016–2017). "India". IHS Jane's All the World's Aircraft: Development & Production. Couldson: Janes Information Group. pp. 302–303. ISBN 978-0710631770.
  129. ^ Prakash, B.G (16 February 2001). "Dreams lighten in LCA". Strategic Affairs. Archived from the original on 4 March 2008. Retrieved 30 June 2014.
  130. ^ Gady, Franz-Stefan (3 August 2018). "Naval Version of India's Tejas Light Combat Aircraft Successfully Tests Arrestor Hook Capability". thediplomat.com. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
  131. ^ "Tejas trainer jet makes smooth flight". Deccan Herald. 27 November 2009. Archived from the original on 24 October 2012. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
  132. ^ a b "BEL delivers critical systems for over 50 LCAs". The New Indian Express. 29 January 2013. Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  133. ^ "DFCC : Amendment Cum Renewal of Type Approval No. 1569" (PDF). Defence Research and Development Organisation. 8 September 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 July 2022. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
  134. ^ Somasekhar, M. (10 January 2015). "LCA equipped with electronic warfare suite". Business Line. Archived from the original on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  135. ^ "LCA Tejas successfully testfires Chaff, Flares". The New Indian Express. 3 December 2010. Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  136. ^ G.N, Prashanth (17 October 2013). "Finally, Tejas gets electronic warfare systems". Deccan Herald. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  137. ^ Krishnakumar, R. "Tejas Mk1A takes first flight, HAL sees early induction possibility". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  138. ^ Deepak, Jaison. "A variety of Electronic Warfare platforms are now available to the IAF". Force Magazine. Archived from the original on 27 May 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  139. ^ Gady, Franz-Stefan (13 December 2018). "India Selects Israeli Radar and Electronic Warfare Suite For Tejas Light Combat Aircraft". thediplomat.com. Archived from the original on 7 June 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  140. ^ Peri, Dinakar (13 January 2021). "CCS okays 83 LCAs worth around ₹47,000 cr. for IAF". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  141. ^ a b Ghaswalla, Amrita Nair (11 January 2018). "Israel's Rafael eyes larger role in India's defence programme". Businessline. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  142. ^ Egozi, Arie (17 July 2017). "Rafael targets Indian contract with Litening pod". Flight Global. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  143. ^ "Pune: DRDO facilities develop pilot escape path clearance system for combat aircraft". The Indian Express. 23 June 2021. Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  144. ^ D’Souza, Pearl Maria (20 September 2019). "LCA Tejas to level up with on-board oxygen system by early 2020, says DRDO". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  145. ^ Kadidal, Akhil (23 February 2019). "Tejas virtual cockpit draws large crowds". Deccan Herald. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
  146. ^ "New Delhi signs off on 83 Tejas fighters". Flight Global. 9 November 2016. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  147. ^ "Tejas test-fires missile successfully". The Hindu. 1 December 2010. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  148. ^ Krishnan, P.S; Narayanan, K.G (2020). Digital Flight Control Systems for Practising Engineers. Defence Research and Development Organisation, Ministry of Defence. ISBN 978-81-86514-65-8.
  149. ^ Krishnan M, Anantha (10 November 2018). "Tejas ready for auto low-speed recovery trials". OnManorama. Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  150. ^ Qureshi, Tahir (20 February 2024). "Indigenously Developed Digital Flight Control Computer For Tejas Mk1A Flown Successfully". india.com. Retrieved 20 February 2024.
  151. ^ "Tejas combat jet flies successfully with home grown digital flight control computer". The Times of India. 20 February 2024. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 20 February 2024.
  152. ^ "Another success: Indigenous Digital Flight Control Computer for Tejas Mk1A Flown successfully". Financialexpress. 20 February 2024. Retrieved 20 February 2024.
  153. ^ a b Bedi, Rahul (15 December 2020). "India Is Still Throwing Good Money at Hopeless Military Programmes". The Wire. Archived from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  154. ^ "ADA Launches Tender for Expert Support and Overhaul of Critical GE-F404 and GE-F414 Engines". Defence.in. 1 April 2024. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
  155. ^ "HAL signs contract worth Rs 5,375 crore with GE Aviation, for supply of engines for Tejas aircraft". The Financial Express. 17 August 2021. Archived from the original on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  156. ^ "GE Awarded $105 Million Development Contract from India | GE Aerospace News". www.geaerospace.com. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
  157. ^ a b c Waldron, Greg (18 August 2021). "HAL orders 99 F404 engines to support Tejas production". Flight Global. Archived from the original on 19 August 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  158. ^ "Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd. Orders 99 F404s for Tejas Light Combat Aircraft | GE Aerospace News". www.geaerospace.com. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
  159. ^ "HAL signs contract worth Rs 5,375 crore for supply of engines for Tejas aircraft". The New Indian Express. 17 August 2021. Archived from the original on 17 August 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  160. ^ Kumar, Chethan (10 July 2011). "IAF begins establishing first LCA squadron". Deccan Herald. Archived from the original on 20 December 2013. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  161. ^ a b c d e "Progress in Production of Tejas Aircraft". pib.gov.in. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
  162. ^ Dinakar, Peri (19 May 2020). "We hope to sign the deal for 83 LCA-Mk1A within next three months, says Bhadauria". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 5 June 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  163. ^ a b c d "Delivery of single-seat Tejas LCA Mark 1 fighters to IAF completed". Business Standard. 23 August 2023.
  164. ^ "Defence Secretary Aramane inaugurates new production line for Tejas jets". Economic Times. 7 April 2023. Archived from the original on 13 April 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
  165. ^ "HAL Starts Third Production Line For LCA Tejas". Mobility Outlook. 10 April 2023. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  166. ^ Dubey, Ajit (10 December 2023). "First LCA Mark1A fighter aircraft squadron to be deployed at Nal air base". ANI. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  167. ^ a b "Tejas Mk-1A carries out maiden flight but delivery to IAF delayed. Here's why". ThePrint. 28 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  168. ^ Banerjee, Ajay (21 October 2022). "On track to deliver Tejas Mark 1A in 16 months: HAL chief". Tribune India. Archived from the original on 23 October 2022. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
  169. ^ "HAL delays delivery of first Tejas Mk 1A to mid-2024". Janes.com. 29 March 2024. Retrieved 20 April 2024.
  170. ^ "First series production Tejas aircraft successfully completes first flight". The Indian Express. 6 April 2023. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  171. ^ "IAF gets first LCA Tejas twin seater aircraft from HAL in boost for 'Aatmanirbhar Bharat'". The Times of India. 4 October 2023. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
  172. ^ a b "Hindustan Aeronautics set to deliver 1st LCA Mark1A jets to Air Force by March 31". India Today. 18 March 2024. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
  173. ^ a b "HAL working towards delivering first LCA Mark-1A fighter to IAF by March 31, looking to deliver twin-seater trainer jet too". ANI. 18 March 2024.
  174. ^ Banerjee, Ajay (15 May 2024). "MoD asks HAL to deliver 18 Tejas Mark-1A jets by next year". The Tribune.
  175. ^ Banerjee, Ajay [@ajaynewsman] (16 May 2024). "#Tejas MoD asks HAL to meet contract deadline of 18 jets by March 2025. Supply chain issues being resolved. HAL needa to make 180 Tejas in 10 years. @thetribunechd @IAF_MCC @HALHQBLR" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  176. ^ Singh, Dalip (8 November 2023). "At India-US 2+2 ministerial dialogue on Friday, India likely to take up F404 engines supply delay". BusinessLine. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
  177. ^ Sharma, Ritu (8 February 2024). "PM Modi Realizes Indira Gandhi's Dream! First LCA Tejas MK1A Variant To Take To Skies By February End". The EurAsian Times. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
  178. ^ a b Singh, Rahul (28 June 2024). "IAF relocates MiG-21s to Nal base as it prepares to replace the fleet". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
  179. ^ "Indian Air Force's first LCA Mark 1A fighter aircraft set for July delivery, HAL accelerates indigenous aircraft program". The Economic Times. 16 May 2024. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 17 May 2024.
  180. ^ "Supply chain issues delay deliveries of LCA-Mk1A jets". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 30 June 2024.
  181. ^ "Amid delays, HAL now aiming to deliver first LCA Mark 1A by August 15; GE engine supplies to start by September". The Economic Times. 12 July 2024. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 12 July 2024.
  182. ^ "GE Gears Up for F-404 Engine Deliveries to India with Two Scheduled for Shipment This Month". Defence.in. 5 September 2024. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
  183. ^ Philip, Snehesh Alex (18 September 2024). "Not just engines, Tejas Mk-1A delivery could be hit over key Danish part, now on export blacklist". ThePrint. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
  184. ^ a b c "Indian Air Force set to receive Tejas Mk 1A Combat Aircraft next month after delays in engine delivery". The Economic Times. 18 September 2024. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 22 October 2024.
  185. ^ Philip, Snehesh Alex (29 October 2024). "GE to deliver Tejas engines by April 2025, MoD says 'no proposal under consideration to impose penalty'". ThePrint. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
  186. ^ "IAF may get the LCA-Mk1A by mid 2025; Govt works on new procurement model for multi role combat jets". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
  187. ^ Peri, Dinakar (29 October 2024). "General Electric may deliver F-404 engines by March or April; India invokes penalty clause". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
  188. ^ "HAL hands over first Tejas trainer to IAF". Janes.com. 5 October 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  189. ^ "India to buy 100 more indigenous LCA Mark 1A fighter jets, says Air Force chief". ThePrint. ANI. 16 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
  190. ^ "Defence Acquisition Council approves capital acquisition proposals worth Rs 2.23 lakh crore to enhance the operational capabilities of the Armed Forces". pib.gov.in. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  191. ^ "97 Tejas jets, 150 helicopters: DAC clears procurement of Rs 2.23 lakh crore defence equipment from domestic firms". The Economic Times. 30 November 2023. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  192. ^ "HAL bags biggest-ever indigenous military hardware order; to supply 97 LCA Mark 1As @Rs 65,000 cr". The Economic Times. 12 April 2024. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 12 April 2024.
  193. ^ "Deal for 97 more LCA Mk-1As by year-end, say officials". Hindustan Times. 13 August 2024. Retrieved 13 August 2024.
  194. ^ Hoyle, Craig (25 January 2016). "Bahrain debut for export-ready Tejas fighter". Flight Global. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  195. ^ "Tejas makes Republic Day Parade debut: Here's what we know about the aircraft". mint. Livemint. 26 January 2017. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
  196. ^ "Vayu Shakti 2019: IAF's fire power will be demonstrated for the world on Saturday". The Financial Express. 14 February 2019. Archived from the original on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  197. ^ Waldron, Greg (5 April 2019). "How Lima Deployment Marked New High For India's Tejas". FlightGlobal. Archived from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 6 September 2019.
  198. ^ "LCA Tejas adds 5th gen air-to-air missile to its weapons capability". The Hindu. 28 April 2021. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 22 October 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
  199. ^ "IAF deploys LCA Tejas along Pakistan border amid tensions with China". The Print. 18 August 2020. Archived from the original on 15 January 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  200. ^ "India's indigenous LCA Tejas lands in UAE to take part in its first-ever foreign air exercise - details". TimesNow. 25 February 2023. Retrieved 18 April 2023.
  201. ^ "LCA Tejas successfully test-fires Astra Beyond Visual Range air-to-air missile". The Hindu. 23 August 2023. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  202. ^ "LCA Tejas successfully test-fires indigenous ASTRA Beyond Visual Range air-to-air missile off Goa coast". www.pib.gov.in. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  203. ^ "Indian Air Force to deploy first Tejas Mark 1A aircraft squadron in Rajasthan". India Today. 10 December 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
  204. ^ "75th Republic day flypast: IAF fighter planes including Rafale, Sukhoi, Jaguar, Tejas dazzle spectators". WION. 26 January 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
  205. ^ "India's first ever multinational air exercise 'Tarang Shakti' begins at Sulur Air Force Station". The Times of India. 6 August 2024. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 7 August 2024.
  206. ^ "LCA proved its mettle in Tarang Shakti drills, says IAF chief". Hindustan Times. 13 August 2024. Retrieved 13 August 2024.
  207. ^ "HAL ready to export LCA-Tejas, Mark-2 getting ready". The Hindu. 26 July 2021. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 2 September 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
  208. ^ "HAL planning to set up bases in four countries to push exports". The Economic Times. 9 March 2020. Archived from the original on 24 August 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  209. ^ a b "BOTSWANA : Gaborone looks to procure Indian HAL fighter aircraft". Africa Intelligence. 16 March 2023. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  210. ^ Hoyle, Craig. "Saab reveals full Gripen E design, cost savings". Flight Global. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
  211. ^ Lionel, Ekene (25 March 2021). "Contest for Botswana's new fighter jet gathers momentum". Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  212. ^ "South Korea's Eagle swoops on Botswana | Times Aerospace". www.timesaerospace.aero. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  213. ^ a b "One year later, no sign of India's 'affordable' weapons in Africa". 12 July 2024.
  214. ^ "The Tejas is one of the options for Brazil's second or third fighter, says Air Force chief - Air Data News". www.airdatanews.com. 12 September 2024. Retrieved 25 September 2024.
  215. ^ "Brazil may be in talks to buy Indian HAL Tejas fighter jet". 12 September 2024. Retrieved 25 September 2024.
  216. ^ a b Centeno, Gabriel (17 September 2024). "HAL Tejas: learn more about the Indian fighter that is attracting the attention of the FAB". Aeroflap.
  217. ^ Centeno, Gabriel (14 June 2024). "F-16: FAB confirms interest in the American fighter but denies negotiations". Aeroflap.
  218. ^ "Delegação da Índia visitará o Brasil para explorar parcerias em Defesa e Aviação". Poder Aereo. 25 November 2024.
  219. ^ "Una delegación india viajará a Brasil en diciembre por posibles acuerdos sobre cazas y aviones de transporte". Indodefensa. 25 November 2024.
  220. ^ a b Abdul, Kazim (14 October 2024). "DR Congo in talks with HAL for Tejas jet". Military Africa. Retrieved 17 October 2024.
  221. ^ a b "India Taps Nigeria, Argentina, Philippines to Sell Fighter Jets". Bloomberg. 7 December 2023.
  222. ^ "China's JF-17 'Wrestles' India's LCA Tejas for Nigerian Fighter Deal; Back Channel Diplomacy in Full Swing". 26 January 2024.
  223. ^ a b "Argentina reveals talks with India on Tejas. Will ejection seat shoot down a deal?". The Week. 17 October 2021. Archived from the original on 7 January 2022. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
  224. ^ Gonzalo, Mary (14 October 2021). "X. Isaac (Argentina): "La prioridad absoluta está en la búsqueda de un avión de 4º generación"". Infodefensa. Archived from the original on 7 January 2022. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
  225. ^ Dalal, Pazdin (17 October 2021). "Argentina enquires about Tejas". Indian Aerospace Defence News. Archived from the original on 13 January 2022. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
  226. ^ Siddiqui, Huma (6 October 2021). "LCA could be a good option for Argentine Air Force, says a source". Financial Express. Archived from the original on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
  227. ^ Banerjee, Aritra (21 September 2021). "Did Pakistan's JF-17 Thunder Beat Indian HAL Tejas To Win Argentine Fighter Jet Contract?". The Eurasian Times. Archived from the original on 20 November 2021. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
  228. ^ Shukla, Ajai (17 November 2021). "Eye on export markets, Tejas debuts in Dubai". Business Standard India. Archived from the original on 19 November 2021. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
  229. ^ Waldron, Greg (3 November 2020). "UK shoots down Argentine FA-50 deal". Flight Global. Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
  230. ^ "Argentina's purchase of Korean fighters falls through: UK's arms embargo". Merco Press. 23 June 2021. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
  231. ^ "Argentina's Defense Acquisition: India's Tejas Fighter Jet Deal Hangs in Balance Over UK Component Issue". 19 July 2023.
  232. ^ "India Ready To 'Modify' LCA Tejas For Argentina; Looks To Bypass British Embargo On South American Nation". 20 July 2023.
  233. ^ "India prepared to eliminate UK components from Tejas jet fighter, of interest for Argentina". MercoPress. Archived from the original on 28 February 2023. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
  234. ^ Dubois, Gastón (3 November 2022). "India seeks to develop its own ejection seats". Aviacionline. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  235. ^ "India ofrece sus aviones LCA Tejas Mk1A a Argentina con la posibilidad de reemplazar componentes". Zonamilitar. 18 November 2021. Archived from the original on 20 November 2021. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
  236. ^ "Argentina eyes $664 million for fighter jets". Defensenews.com. 21 September 2022. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
  237. ^ Dar, Younis (13 December 2020). "10 Reasons Why India's LCA Tejas Could Be 'Shot-Down' By Pakistan's JF-17 Thunder In Global Arms Market?". Latest Asian, Middle-East, EurAsian, Indian News. Archived from the original on 9 December 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
  238. ^ a b Venckunas, Valius (9 December 2022). "Neither JF-17 nor Tejas: Argentina stops fighter jet tender". aerotime.aero. Archived from the original on 13 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
  239. ^ "Argentina abandons plans to acquire new fighter jets". Meta-Defence. Meta Defence. 9 December 2022. Archived from the original on 19 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
  240. ^ Mariano De Vedia (24 July 2023). "India, China y Estados Unidos, las opciones que analiza el Gobierno para la compra de aviones militares". La Nacion.
  241. ^ Johnson, Reuben (25 September 2023). "In Argentina's fighter competition, Washington and Beijing fight for regional influence". Breaking Defense.
  242. ^ Charpentreau, Clement (29 April 2024). "Neither JF-17 nor Tejas: Argentina stops fighter jet tender". Aerotime.
  243. ^ "India offers LCA Tejas for RAAF trainer requirement". Times Aerospace. 4 October 2021. Archived from the original on 14 January 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  244. ^ "58th Annual Report 2020-21" (PDF). Hindustan Aeronautics Limited. 30 August 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  245. ^ Satam, Parth (10 September 2021). "India Pitches Its HAL Tejas Fighter Jets To Australia; Pins Hope On Malaysia For The 1st Elusive Contract". The Eurasian Times. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  246. ^ Kadam, Tanmay (4 July 2022). "Setback For India's Tejas Program? Australia Rejects G2G Tejas-LIFT Trainer Deal Amid Stiff Contest From Boeing & Saab — Reports". The Eurasian Times. Archived from the original on 18 December 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  247. ^ Faridi, Shahid (6 July 2022). "Power games: Australia may not accept India's G2G trainer deal". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 18 December 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  248. ^ Venckunas, Valius (10 August 2022). "Fact Check: Does India's Tejas really have seven potential customers?". aerotime.aero. Archived from the original on 18 December 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  249. ^ "StackPath". dailynewsegypt.com. July 2022. Archived from the original on 1 July 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
  250. ^ "How PM Modi's sortie in Tejas signifies India's confidence in defence indigenisation". 26 November 2023.
  251. ^ Pubby, Manu (27 June 2022). "India offers to set up production facilities for light combat aircraft, helicopters in Egypt". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 27 June 2022. Retrieved 27 June 2022.
  252. ^ a b Liam, Darek (20 February 2023). "HAL, Egypt Tejas aircraft contract in the works". Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  253. ^ "Egypt's Strategic Shift to Chinese J-10C Fighter Jets". Aero News Journal. 9 September 2024. Retrieved 15 September 2024.
  254. ^ Siddiqui, Huma (21 July 2021). "HAL is all set to respond to Royal Malaysian Air Force's RfP for LCA". The Financial Express. Archived from the original on 13 January 2022. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
  255. ^ "IAF's LCA-Tejas fighter jets steal the show at LIMA 2019 in Malaysia". Zee News. 27 March 2019. Archived from the original on 13 January 2022. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
  256. ^ Philip, Snehesh Alex (18 November 2019). "HAL eyes first foreign sale of Tejas as Malaysian air force shortlists contenders". The Print. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  257. ^ Jadhav, Rajendra; Thukral, Naveen (19 May 2020). "Exclusive: India resumes purchases of Malaysian palm oil - traders". Reuters. Archived from the original on 18 November 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  258. ^ "Malaysian PM interacts with HAL, IAF teams at LIMA '19". ANI News. 27 March 2019. Archived from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  259. ^ Dar, Younis (7 April 2021). "Tejas Jets: Malaysia Gets Serious About LCA Tejas; To Visit India for Full Evaluation". The Eurasian Times. Archived from the original on 23 July 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  260. ^ Shukla, Ajai (9 January 2019). "Malaysia shows interest in India's Tejas fighter jets, may buy 30 of them". Business Standard India. Archived from the original on 24 September 2019. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  261. ^ Mahadzir, Dzirhan (22 June 2021). "Malaysia puts pen to paper for LCA tender". Shephard Media. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
  262. ^ "Malaysia to Formally Launch Fighter Lead In Trainer-Light Combat Aircraft (FLIT/LCA) Tender". MilitaryLeak. 22 June 2021. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
  263. ^ a b Barrock, Jose (18 October 2021). "Six companies bidding for RMAF LCA contract". The Edge Markets. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
  264. ^ Venckunas, Valius (19 October 2021). "Reports on Malaysian fighter jet tender: Tejas in, JF-17 out". Aerotime Hub. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  265. ^ "Six contenders for Royal Malaysian Air Force light combat aircraft tender". Air Recognition. 19 October 2021. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  266. ^ Dubois, Gastón (22 November 2022). "The FA-50 won the Malaysian competition for 18 light fighters, but the decision was challenged by the competition". Aviacionline.com. Archived from the original on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
  267. ^ Kadidal, Akhil (24 February 2023). "KAI signs a deal with Malaysia for FA-50 aircraft". Janes.com. Archived from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
  268. ^ Beng Ho, Ben Wan (18 March 2023). "Golden Eagle Soaring: Malaysia's FA-50 Decision". Real Clear Defense. Archived from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
  269. ^ "Philippines eyes Indian made LCAs and LCHS, ties up with HAL to upgrade military aircraft fleet - ET Government".
  270. ^ "Philippines eyes India's Tejas fighter jet – reports". www.aerotime.aero. 16 May 2022. Archived from the original on 8 July 2022. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
  271. ^ Venckunas, Valius (7 July 2022). "PAF drops Tejas, keeps F-16 and Gripen in fighter jet tender". Aerotime. Archived from the original on 9 July 2022. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
  272. ^ "India gets set to export LCA to the Philippines: Talks in Final Stages". Financialexpress. 22 February 2024. Retrieved 23 February 2024.
  273. ^ "Sri Lanka, Egypt evince interest in Tejas". The Economic Times. 14 July 2018. Archived from the original on 22 May 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  274. ^ Grevatt, Jon (15 August 2016). "Sri Lanka prepares to launch combat aircraft procurement program". Janes Information Services. Archived from the original on 18 March 2017. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
  275. ^ Fernando, Asiri (6 January 2021). "Govt. green-lights $ 49 m fighter jet overhaul as No. 10 Squadron turns 25". Daily FT. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
  276. ^ Gurung, Shaurya Karanbir (17 October 2018). "UAE 'interested' in HAL-made light combat aircraft Tejas". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
  277. ^ "Royal Emirati Snub For Make In India Weapons: After Akash Missiles, Did The UAE Turn A Blind Eye To LCA Tejas Fighters?". Latest Asian, Middle-East, EurAsian, Indian News. 28 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  278. ^ Tiwari, Sakshi (22 February 2023). "China Signs 'Historic Deal' With UAE For L-15 Trainer Aircraft As Beijing 'Raids' Traditional US Bastion". Latest Asian, Middle-East, EurAsian, Indian News. Archived from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 18 April 2023.
  279. ^ Dubois, Gastón (21 February 2023). "China closes sale of L-15 advanced trainers to United Arab Emirates". Aviacionline.com. Retrieved 18 April 2023.
  280. ^ Osborne, Tony (21 February 2023). "UAE Signs Chinese Jet Trainer Deal". Aviation Week Network. Retrieved 18 April 2023.
  281. ^ Pubby, Manu (9 December 2020). "Role reversal: India offers US fighter jet trainer in 1st major defence sales pitch". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 14 January 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  282. ^ a b "India offers LCA Tejas trainer variant to US Navy: Report". The Week. 9 December 2020. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  283. ^ Sharma, Aakriti (10 December 2020). "LCA Tejas For The US Navy - India Pitches Its Light Combat Aircraft To The US To Replace Its Ageing T-45 Goshawks". The Eurasian Times. Archived from the original on 11 December 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  284. ^ Kalita, Jayanta (12 August 2021). "HAL Tejas Fails To Impress US Navy; Washington Likely To Sideline Indian Jet For Boeing, Lockheed Trainer Aircraft". The Eurasian Times. Archived from the original on 13 August 2021. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  285. ^ Newdick, Thomas (10 August 2021). "These Contenders Are Vying To Replace The Navy's T-45 Goshawk With A New Jet Trainer". The Drive. Archived from the original on 14 January 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  286. ^ "After US Navy, LCA trainer variant offered to Australia: HAL". The Week. 8 September 2021. Archived from the original on 14 January 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  287. ^ Sagar, Pradip R (5 January 2021). "20 years since LCA Tejas's first flight: What's next for India's indigenous fighter programme?". The Week. Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  288. ^ Rajkumar, Philip; Srikanth, B.R (2021). Radiance in Indian Skies - The Tejas saga. Desidoc. p. 15. ISBN 9788186514788.
  289. ^ Katoch, P.C (18 June 2020). "Indigenous Fighter Jet for Navy". www.sps-aviation.com. SP Guide Publications. ISSN 2230-9225. OCLC 70225772. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  290. ^ "Maiden flight by 2nd prototype of LCA Tejas' naval variant". The Economic Times. 7 February 2015. Archived from the original on 5 April 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2015.
  291. ^ "LCA Navy prototype NP5 completes successful maiden flight: DRDO". Indian Express. 20 August 2023.
  292. ^ a b Warwick, Graham (19 June 2008). "India flies another Tejas". Aviation Week & Space Technology. Archived from the original on 10 May 2011. Retrieved 30 June 2014.
  293. ^ "Tejas test-fires missile successfully". The Hindu. 1 December 2010. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  294. ^ Shukla, Ajai (5 June 2010). "Tejas boosts test programme". Business Standard India. Archived from the original on 14 June 2013. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
  295. ^ Krishnan M, Anantha (1 November 2010). "India To Fly Tejas LSP-5 Soon". Aviation Week & Space Technology. Archived from the original on 10 May 2011. Retrieved 30 June 2014.
  296. ^ "Tejas LSP-7 does its maiden flight". The Economic Times. 9 March 2012. Archived from the original on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  297. ^ Chopra, Anil (30 November 2020). "Turnaround of the IAF fighter fleet". Indian Defence Review. Vol. 35. New York: Lancer Publishers LLC. pp. 37–38. ISBN 9781940988535.
  298. ^ "Advanced version of Tejas light combat aircraft makes its debut flight". Hindustan Times. 18 March 2020. Archived from the original on 30 April 2021. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
  299. ^ "HAL prepares first two Tejas Mk 1As for delivery to IAF". Janes.com. 28 February 2024. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
  300. ^ "India offers LCA Tejas trainer variant to US Navy: Report". The Week. 31 January 2021. Archived from the original on 22 September 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  301. ^ "Tejas Mark II to roll out next year; high-speed trials in 2023: HAL Chief Madhavan". The Hindu. 31 January 2021. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 27 July 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
  302. ^ "Tejas Mk-II: India may avail consultancy from European manufacturers who bid for MMRCA deal". The Economic Times. 11 July 2018. Archived from the original on 28 March 2020. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  303. ^ Peri, Dinakar (31 January 2019). "IAF chief flags delays in manufacture of equipment". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  304. ^ Chandra, Atul (4 February 2021). "HAL unveils ambitious air-teaming system centred on Tejas". Flight Global. Archived from the original on 3 June 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
  305. ^ Parakala, Akshara (5 February 2021). "Aero India 2021: HAL's loyal wingmen break cover". Janes. Archived from the original on 7 June 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  306. ^ "Navy rules out deploying 'overweight' Tejas on aircraft carriers". Indian Express Limited. 2 December 2016. Archived from the original on 21 February 2020. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  307. ^ a b Joe, Rick (11 October 2021). "A Tale of 2 Navies: India and China's Carrier Airwing Development". thediplomat.com. Archived from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  308. ^ "IAF chief receives 1st LCA trainer from HAL, 7 more to come by Mar '24". Hindustan Times. 4 October 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  309. ^ "Tejas fighter aircraft sees over Rs 36,000 crore worth of order, says officials". India Today. 25 November 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  310. ^ "How PM Modi's sortie in Tejas signifies India's confidence in defence indigenisation". Firstpost. 26 November 2023. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  311. ^ "1st Crash In 23 Years Of Its History, 5 Facts About Tejas Fighter Jet". NDTV.com. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
  312. ^ "When, 14 years on, IAF got its first trainer jet for LCA Tejas". India Today. 8 October 2023. Retrieved 9 May 2024.
  313. ^ "Contract signed for 83 LCA Tejas fighters, all eyes now on HAL delivery schedule". Print. 3 February 2021. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  314. ^ "Rs 2.23 lakh crore-deal: India approves purchase of 97 Tejas aircraft, 156 Prachanda helicopters, other defence equipment". Money Control. 30 November 2023. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  315. ^ Sathish, Deepak (27 May 2020). "Second squadron of Tejas fighter jets inducted into Indian Air Force at Sulur air base". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  316. ^ "Who is Squadron leader Mohana Singh? The first woman fighter pilot joins 18 Flying Bullets". Times of India. 18 September 2024.
  317. ^ "IAF's Tejas aircraft crashes near Jaisalmer, pilot ejects safely". Financial Express. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
  318. ^ "IAF's Tejas aircraft crashes near Jaisalmer, pilot ejects safely". The Times of India. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
  319. ^ "1st Crash In 23 Years Of Its History, 5 Facts About Tejas Fighter Jet". NDTV. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
  320. ^ "IAF's Tejas Aircraft crashes at Jaisalmer; pilot ejects safely". The Hindu. 12 March 2024. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
  321. ^ "Engine seizure led to IAF's first LCA Tejas crash, say officials". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
  322. ^ "Leading particulars and performance." tejas.gov.in. Retrieved 19 December 2017. Archived 21 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine
  323. ^ "DRDO TechFocus." Archived 22 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine DRDO, February 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
  324. ^ "DFI Tejas Mk-1A"
  325. ^ a b c d Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (19 November 2020). "LCA | Series Production Phase". hal-india.co.in. Archived from the original on 5 June 2020. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  326. ^ Jackson FRAes, Paul (27 April 2017). Jane's All the World's Aircraft: Development & Production 2017-2018 (2017-2018) (105th ed.). Jane's Information Group. p. 244. ISBN 978-0710632500.
  327. ^ "Operational Capability of LCA Tejas Variants". Indian Defence Review. 2 January 2023. Retrieved 2 June 2023.
  328. ^ "F404-GE-IN20 Engines Ordered for India Light Combat Aircraft | GE Aerospace". www.geaerospace.com. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  329. ^ "F404 turbofan engines" (PDF). GE Aviation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2021.
  330. ^ Jackson FRAes, Paul (27 April 2017). Jane's All the World's Aircraft: Development & Production 2017-2018 (2017-2018) (105th ed.). Jane's Information Group. p. 244. ISBN 978-0710632500.
  331. ^ "How India's LCA Tejas fares against Chinese J-10C fighter jet". Financialexpress. 7 June 2023. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
  332. ^ Jackson FRAes, Paul (27 April 2017). Jane's All the World's Aircraft: Development & Production 2017-2018 (2017-2018) (105th ed.). Jane's Information Group. p. 244. ISBN 978-0710632500.
  333. ^ Kadidal, Akhil (10 May 2023). "Tejas Mk 2 languishes amid lack of funds". Janes.com. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
  334. ^ "Tejas Light Combat Supersonic Fighter". Airforce Technology. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  335. ^ Nikolov, Boyko (15 September 2024). "Milestone for Indian Air Force: First Tejas Mk1A into service". Retrieved 10 December 2024.
  336. ^ Jackson FRAes, Paul (27 April 2017). Jane's All the World's Aircraft: Development & Production 2017-2018 (2017-2018) (105th ed.). Jane's Information Group. p. 244. ISBN 978-0710632500.
  337. ^ "LCA Tejas Specifications". Aeronautical Development Agency. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
  338. ^ "Light Combat Aircraft: US-Backed FA-50 Takes A Clear Lead, JF-17 Banks On Chinese Push, But Tejas Is The Real Darkhorse". The EurAsian Times. 3 September 2023. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
  339. ^ a b c "Tejas Trials: Tejas Light Combat Aircraft Enters Key Test Phase". Aviation Week & Space Technology. Vol. 173, no. 17. New York: Informa. 11 April 2011. pp. 26–27. ISSN 0005-2175.
  340. ^ "LCA Tejas successfully test-fires ASTRA air-to-air missile: Aeronautical Development Agency". The Indian Express. 23 August 2023. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
  341. ^ "LCA Tejas successfully test-fires Astra Beyond Visual Range air-to-air missile". The Hindu. 23 August 2023. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
  342. ^ "India moves towards broad adoption of ASRAAM". FlightGlobal. 23 August 2019. Archived from the original on 14 September 2019. Retrieved 7 September 2019.
  343. ^ "IAF boosts LCA Tejas capabilities with French HAMMER missiles under emergency powers". ANI. 16 November 2021. Archived from the original on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  344. ^ "BrahMos to make a generational leap, become lighter, faster and more lethal supersonic cruise missile". Zee News. 22 February 2019. Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
  345. ^ Mallikarjun, Y. (17 February 2016). "Captive flight trials of anti-radiation missile soon". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 14 October 2021. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
  346. ^ "Tejas Mark II to have ability to conduct Balakot-like operations". Hindustan Times. 19 March 2020. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
  347. ^ "Indian LCA combat aircraft now being armed with American JDAM precision bombing kits/". ANI Digital. 29 March 2022. Archived from the original on 10 February 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
  348. ^ "Indigenous Sensor, Weapons & EW Suite for LCA Tejas and Air Independent Propulsion for submarines to be showcased". PIB India. 22 January 2022. Archived from the original on 10 February 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
  349. ^ McNeil, Harry (14 November 2023). "EDGE entity elevates Tejas capabilities with long-range precision munitions". Airforce Technology. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
  350. ^ "HAL to hike Tejas output as India approves order". Flight International. Vol. 190, no. 5563. London. 15–21 November 2016. p. 20. ISSN 0015-3710.
  351. ^ "LCA Tejas successfully testfires Chaff, Flares". The New Indian Express. 3 December 2010. Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
  352. ^ "Tejas fighter to get indigenous Laser Designator Pod to target the enemy". Zee News. 22 January 2019. Archived from the original on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
  353. ^ "EXCLUSIVE: How A Secretive DRDO Lab Is Saving The IAF Su-30MKI". Livefist. 16 February 2017. Archived from the original on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
  354. ^ Gupta, Shishir (8 December 2021). "India develops AESA radar to make IAF fighters more lethal". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
  355. ^ Majumdar, Sayan (September–October 2014). "Tejas Redux: The Israeli Touch". Vayu Aerospace and Defence Review. No. 5. Society for Aerospace Studies. pp. 82–84.
  356. ^ Withington, Thomas (22 January 2020). "Enhancing the Force". Armada International. Archived from the original on 10 February 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
  357. ^ "Israel is establishing itself as a prominent player in the electronic warfare sector". Defence Review Asia. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
  358. ^ Chen, Chuanren (21 June 2022). "IAI Sells Scorpius-SP Jammer To Asian Air Force". Aviation Week Network. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
  359. ^ "Aatmanirbhar Bharat by HAL" (PDF). Hindustan Aeronautics Limited. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 February 2023. Retrieved 6 July 2022.

Bibliography

[edit]
[edit]

Features and analysis:

Technical:

General:

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HAL_Tejas&oldid=1263389990"