Jump to content

Antisemitism in the United States

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Anti-Semitism in the USA)

A protest against Jews, held by the Westboro Baptist Church

Antisemitism has long existed in the United States. Most Jewish community relations agencies in the United States draw distinctions between antisemitism, which is measured in terms of attitudes and behaviors, and the security and status of American Jews, which are both measured by the occurrence of specific incidents. FBI data shows that in every year since 1991, Jews were the most frequent victims of religiously motivated hate crimes.[1] The number of hate crimes against Jews may be underreported, as in the case for many other targeted groups.[2]

According to a survey which was conducted by the Anti-Defamation League in 2019, antisemitism is rejected by a majority of Americans, with 79% of them lauding Jews' cultural contributions to the nation. The same poll found that 19% of Americans adhered to the longstanding antisemitic canard that Jews co-control Wall Street,[3] while 31% agreed with the statement "Jewish employers go out of their way to hire other Jews".[4] In 2023, the Biden administration launched[5] the U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism, and in 2024, the US State Department (together with 35 other countries) released non-binding global guidelines for countering antisemitism.[6][7][8]

In August 2024, the US Department of Homeland Security announced that it had allocated $454.5 million for the 2024 fiscal year to securing Jewish religious institutions in light of rising antisemitism.[9] This is a $150 million increase from the 2023 budget.[9] According to an August 2024 survey by the Combat Antisemitism Movement, 3.5 million Jews in America have experienced antisemitism since the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel. Of the 1,075 American Jews interviewed, 28% claimed to have heard that "Jews care too much about money", 25% heard "Jews control the world", 14% heard "American Jews care more about Israel than about the US", and 13% heard "the Holocaust did not happen" or its "severity has been exaggerated".[10][11]

The survey above is mirrored by FBI's 2023 statistics that antisemitic incidents accounted for 68% of all religion-based hate crimes, a 63% bump vis-à-vis 2022, while the American Jewish Committee (AJC) said that it was "likely much lower" than the actual number as hate crimes had been "widely underreported across the country".[12]

Part of a series on
Jews and Judaism
Religion
Texts
Tanakh
Talmud
Rabbinic
History
General
Ancient Israel
Second Temple period
Rabbinic period and Middle Ages
Modern era
Communities
Related groups
Population
Land of Israel
Africa
Asia
Europe
Northern America
Latin America and Caribbean
Oceania
Denominations
Culture
Customs
Music
Art
Cuisine
Literature
Languages
Politics
Jewish political movements
Zionism

American viewpoints on Jews and antisemitism

[edit]
Main articles: Antisemitic trope, Racial antisemitism, Religious antisemitism, and Stereotypes of Jews

Roots of American attitudes towards Jews and Jewish history in America

[edit]
Main article: History of antisemitism in the United States

Historian Britt Tevis argues that, "Handlin and Higham’s ideas (especially Higham’s) remain influential, and many American Jewish historians continue to present antisemitism as largely insignificant, momentary, primarily social."[13] Krefetz (1985) asserts that antisemitism in the 1980s seems "rooted less in religion or contempt and more rooted in envy, jealousy and fear" of Jewish affluence, and the hidden power of "Jewish money".[14] Historically, antisemitic attitudes and rhetoric have tended to increase whenever the United States has faced a serious economic crisis,[15] as well as during moments of political and social uncertainty and fear, such as with the rise of nativist anti-immigration organizing in the early twentieth century, the emergence of the Nazi-affiliated German-American Bund in the 1930s, and the anti-Communist political movement during the Red Scare.[16] Academic David Greenberg has written in Slate, "Extreme anti-communism always contained an antisemitic component: Radical, alien Jews, in their demonology, orchestrated the Communist conspiracy." He also has argued that, in the years which followed World War II, some groups on "the American right remained closely tied to the unvarnished antisemites of the '30s who railed against the 'Jew Deal'", a bigoted term which was used against the New Deal measures of President Franklin D. Roosevelt.[17] American antisemites have viewed the fraudulent text The Protocols of the Elders of Zion as a real reference to a supposed Jewish cabal which was out to subvert and ultimately destroy the U.S.[18] Both the association of Jews with Communism and the fixation on a Jewish cabal purported in The Protocols of the Elders of Zion are conspiracies transplanted to the American context from European modernity: in a moment of economic revolution and socialist politics rising in contexts across Europe, conservative leaders from Christian Russia to interwar Great Britain manipulated a public fear of Jewish Bolshevism to scapegoat Jewish populations for strategic political gain.[19]

The "Great Replacement" theme, a version of the broader white genocide conspiracy theory, was stressed by people who highlighted the supposed threat of Jews and other immigrants replacing Americans who were born in the country.[20] In the 1920s and 1930s, antisemitic activists were led by Henry Ford and other figures like Charles Lindbergh, William Dudley Pelley, Charles Coughlin and Gerald L. K. Smith, and some of them were also members of organizations like the America First Committee, the Christian Nationalist Crusade, the German American Bund, the Ku Klux Klan and the Silver Legion of America. They promulgated canards and various interrelated conspiracy theories that widely spread the fear that, through an evil transnational network, Jews were working for the destruction or replacement of white Americans along with the fear that Jews were working for the destruction or replacement of Christianity in the United States.[21][22]

Tropes and stereotypes

[edit]
Main articles: Antisemitic trope and Stereotypes of Jews

The most persistent form of antisemitism has consisted of a series of widely circulating tropes and stereotypes in which Jews are portrayed as being socially, religiously, and economically unacceptable to American life, because of their inferiority to white Christian society or because of conspiratorial thinking in which Jews are accused of plotting to undermine the racial and economic hierarchies which make up the historical fabric of American society. As a whole, the Jewish people were looked down upon. They were made to feel unwanted, they were marginalized by American society and they were considered a menace to the United States.[23]

Martin Marger wrote, "A set of distinct and consistent negative stereotypes, some of which can be traced as far back as the Middle Ages in Europe, has been applied to Jews."[24] David Schneder wrote, "Three large clusters of traits are part of the Jewish stereotype (Wuthnow, 1982). First, [American] Jews are seen as being powerful and manipulative. Second, they are accused of dividing their loyalties between the United States and Israel. A third set of traits concerns Jewish materialistic values, aggressiveness, clannishness."[25]

Stereotypes of Jewish people share some of the same content as stereotypes of Asians: perceived disloyalty, power, intelligence, and dishonesty overlap. The similarity between the content of stereotypes of Jews and the content of stereotypes of Asians may stem from the fact that many immigrant Jews and many immigrant Asians both developed a merchant role, a role which was also historically held by many Indians in East Africa, where the content of stereotypes of them resembles the content of stereotypes of Asians and Jews in the United States.[26]

Some of the antisemitic tropes which have been cited by the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) in its studies of U.S. social trends include the claims that "Jews have too much power in the business world," "Jews are more willing to use shady practices to get what they want," and "Jews always like to be at the head of things." Another issue that garners attention is the assertion that Jews have an excessive amount of influence on American cinema and news media. Put together, these lines of thinking about Jews demonstrate a common trend in the history of both American and global antisemitism—the inflation of stereotypes of Jews into a theory about how power (politics, economics, media, etc.) functions in society, an irrational theory that deflects responsibility for social ills away from actual authorities and leaders and onto minority Jewish communities.[27]

In contemporary alt-right and right-wing circles, these tropes of power-hungry Jews sometimes manifest through coded references to "globalists," accusations that liberal agendas are the sole product of prominent Jews, and conspiracy theories (such as QAnon) that can be linked to the medieval blood libel against Jews.[28]

Statistics of American viewpoints and analysis

[edit]
Further information: Antisemitism in the United States in the 21st century

Polls and studies point to a steady decrease in antisemitic attitudes, beliefs, and manifestations among the American public.[27][29] A 1992 survey by the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) showed that about 20% of Americans—between 30 and 40 million adults—held antisemitic views, a considerable decline from the total of 29% found in 1964. However, another survey by the same organization concerning antisemitic incidents showed that the curve has risen without interruption since 1986.[29]

2005 survey

[edit]

The number of Americans holding antisemitic views declined markedly six years later when another ADL study classified only 12 percent of the population—between 20 and 25 million adults, as "most antisemitic." Confirming the findings of previous surveys, both studies also found that African Americans were significantly more likely than whites to hold antisemitic views, with 34 percent of blacks classified as "most antisemitic," compared to 9 percent of whites in 1998.[29] The 2005 Survey of American Attitudes Towards Jews in America, a national poll of 1,600 American adults conducted in March 2005, found that 14% of Americans—or nearly 35 million adults—hold views about Jews that are "unquestionably antisemitic," compared to 17% in 2002, In 1998, the number of Americans with hardcore antisemitic beliefs had dropped to 12% from 20% in 1992.

The 2005 survey found "35 percent of foreign-born Hispanics (down from 44% [in 2002])" and 36 percent of African-Americans hold strong antisemitic beliefs, four times more than the 9 percent for whites."[30] The 2005 Anti-Defamation League survey includes data on Hispanic attitudes, with 29% being most antisemitic (as opposed as 9% for whites and 36% for blacks), being born in the United States lessened the prevalence of that attitude: 35% of foreign-born Hispanics and only 19% of those born in the US.[30]

The survey findings come at a time of increased antisemitic activity in America. The 2004 ADL Audit of Antisemitic Incidents reported that antisemitic incidents reached their highest level in nine years. A total of 1,821 antisemitic incidents were reported in 2004, an increase of 17% over the 1,557 incidents reported during 2003.[31] "What concerns us is that many of the gains we had seen in building a more tolerant and accepting America seem not to have taken hold as firmly as we had hoped," said Abraham H. Foxman, ADL National Director. "While there are many factors at play, the findings suggest that antisemitic beliefs endure and resonate with a substantial segment of the population, nearly 35 million people."

After 2005

[edit]

In 2007 an ABC News report recounted that past ABC polls across several years have tended to find that about 6% of Americans self-report prejudice against Jews as compared to about 25% being against Arab Americans and about 10% against Hispanic Americans. The report also remarked that a full 34% of Americans reported having "some racist feelings" in general as a self-description.[32]

A 2009 study which was titled "Modern Anti-Semitism and Anti-Israeli Attitudes", published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology in 2009, tested a new theoretical model of antisemitism among Americans in the Greater New York area with three experiments. The research team's theoretical model proposed that mortality salience (reminding people that they will someday die) increases antisemitism and that antisemitism is often expressed as anti-Israel attitudes. The first experiment showed that mortality salience led to higher levels of antisemitism and lower levels of support for Israel. The study's methodology was designed to tease out antisemitic attitudes that are concealed by polite people. The second experiment showed that mortality salience caused people to perceive Israel as very important, but did not cause them to perceive any other country this way. The third experiment showed that mortality salience led to a desire to punish Israel for human rights violations but not to a desire to punish Russia or India for identical human rights violations. According to the researchers, their results "suggest that Jews constitute a unique cultural threat to many people's worldviews, that antisemitism causes hostility to Israel, and that hostility to Israel may feed back to increase antisemitism." Furthermore, "those claiming that there is no connection between antisemitism and hostility toward Israel are wrong."[33]

The 2011 Survey of American Attitudes Toward Jews in America released by the ADL found that the recent world economic recession increased some antisemitic viewpoints among Americans. Abraham H. Foxman, the organization's national director, argued, "It is disturbing that with all of the strides we have made in becoming a more tolerant society, antisemitic beliefs continue to hold a vice-grip on a small but not insubstantial segment of the American public." Specifically, the polling found that 19% of Americans answered "probably true" to the assertion that "Jews have too much control/influence on Wall Street" while 15% concurred with the related statement that Jews seem "more willing to use shady practices" in business. Nonetheless, the survey generally reported positive attitudes for most Americans, the majority of those who were surveyed expressed philo-Semitic sentiments such as 64% agreeing that Jews have contributed much to U.S. social culture.[3]

President Donald Trump declared himself to be a supporter of Israel and American Jews. Trump signed the Executive Order on Combating Anti-Semitism.[34] However, a 2019 survey by the Jewish Electorate Institute found that 73% of American Jews feel less secure since the election of Donald Trump to the presidency. Since 2016, antisemitic attacks against synagogues have contributed to this fear. The 2019 survey found that combatting antisemitism is a priority issue in domestic politics among American Jews, including millennials.[35]

A 2004 poll conducted by Gallup concluded that Americans are much more concerned today about antisemitism than they were twenty years ago, and that American Jews are much more likely to have experienced and report mistreatment as a result of being Jewish than other groups.[36]

2023-2024 Hamas War

[edit]

A September 2024 survey showed that 3.5 million adult American Jews - about one third of American Jews - experienced some form of antisemitism in the year following the Hamas led attacks of 7 October 2023.[37][38]

Antisemitism within the African-American community

[edit]
See also: African American–Jewish relations, Black Hebrew Israelites, Black-Palestinian solidarity, Interminority racism in the United States, and Nation of Islam and antisemitism

Surveys which were conducted by the ADL in 2007, 2009, 2011, and 2013 all found that an overwhelming majority of African-Americans who were questioned rejected antisemitism and they generally expressed the same kinds of tolerant viewpoints as other Americans who were also surveyed. For example, the results of the ADL's 2009 study revealed that 28% of African-Americans who were surveyed expressed antisemitic views while a 72% majority did not. However, those three surveys all revealed that negative attitudes towards Jews were stronger among African-Americans than they were among the general population at large.[39]

According to earlier ADL research, dating back to 1964, the trend that African-Americans are significantly more likely to hold antisemitic beliefs across all education levels than white Americans has remained unchanged over the years. Nonetheless, the percentage of the population which holds a negative opinion of Jews has also waned considerably in the black community during this period. In 1967, the New York Times Magazine published the article "Negroes Are Anti-Semitic Because They're Anti-White" in which the African-American author James Baldwin sought to explain the prevalence of black antisemitism.[40][41] An ADL poll from 1992 stated that 37% of African-Americans surveyed displayed antisemitism;[27] in contrast, a poll from 2011 found that only 29% did so.[39]

The more education people have the less antisemitic they are. In 1998 among blacks with no college education, 43% fell into the most antisemitic group (versus 18% of the general population) compared to only 27% among blacks with some college education and just 18% among blacks with a four-year college degree (versus 5% of people in the general population with a four-year college degree).[27] At all educational levels, Blacks were more likely than whites to accept anti-Jewish stereotypes.[42]

Brookings Institution fellow Jamie Kirchick said in 2018 that antisemitism has been a particular problem in parts of America's black community since the split between the mainstream Civil rights movement led by Martin Luther King Jr. and the more radical Black Power movement of the late 1960s. Kirchick says that leaders on the political left continue to foment antisemitism.[43]

A 2019 study found that 28% of African Americans believed that they were seeing more Black people that they personally knew express antisemitism than in the past.[44] In the same study, 19% of African Americans believed that Jewish people were impeding Black progress in America.[44] Four percent (4%) of African Americans self-identified as being Black Hebrew Israelites in 2019.[44]

Leadership

[edit]

Prominent members of the African-American community have spoken out against antisemitism, including Kareem Abdul-Jabbar[45] and Zach Banner.[46] In December 2022, taking a joint stand against increasing instances of racism and antisemitism in the United States, African-American leaders New York City Mayor Eric Adams, Reverends Al Sharpton and Conrad Tillard, and Vista Equity Partners CEO and Carnegie Hall Chairman Robert F. Smith, joined Jewish leaders Rabbi Shmuley Boteach and Elisha Wiesel, and jointly hosted 15 Days of Light, celebrating Hanukkah and Kwanzaa in a unifying holiday ceremony at Carnegie Hall.[47]  Sharpton said: "There is never a time more needed than now for Blacks and Jews to remember the struggle that we've gone through. You can't fight for anybody if you don't fight for everybody. I cannot fight for Black rights if I don't fight for Jewish rights ... because then it becomes a matter of self-aggrandizement rather than fighting for humanity. It's easy for Blacks to stand up for racism. It's easy for Jews to stand up to antisemitism. But if you want to really be a leader, you got to speak as a Black against antisemitism and antisemites, and you got to speak as a Jew against racism."[48][49] Smith said: "When we unify the souls of our two communities, we can usher in light to banish the darkness of racism, bigotry, and antisemitism."[48]

Prominent African American figures such as Louis Farrakhan and Kanye West have received widespread condemnation for propagating anti-semitism.[50]

Holocaust denial

[edit]
Further information: Holocaust denial

Austin App, a German-American La Salle University professor of medieval English literature, is considered the first major American Holocaust denier.[51] App wrote extensively in newspapers and periodicals, and he also wrote a couple of books which detailed his defense of Nazi Germany and Holocaust denial. App's work inspired the Institute for Historical Review, a California center which was founded in 1978 with the sole purpose of denying the Holocaust.[52] One of the newer forms of antisemitism is the denial of the Holocaust by negationist historians and neo-Nazis.[53]

The results of a survey which was conducted in 2020 revealed that close to two-thirds of Millennials and Gen Z adults were not aware that 6 million Jews were killed in the Holocaust.[54][55] 24% of them believed that the Holocaust might be a myth or that accounts of it are exaggerated.[54][56]

Antisemitic organizations

[edit]

White nationalists and white supremacists

[edit]
The flag of the Knights Party, the political branch of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan

There are a number of antisemitic organizations in the United States, some of them violent, which espouse religious antisemitism, racial antisemitism, white nationalism and white supremacy. They include Christian Identity Churches, White Aryan Resistance, the Ku Klux Klan, the American Nazi Party, and many other organizations. Several fundamentalist churches, such as the Westboro Baptist Church and the Faithful Word Baptist Church, also preach antisemitic messages. The largest neo-Nazi organizations in the United States are the National Nazi Party and the National Socialist Movement. Adopting the look and emblems of white power skinheads, many members of these antisemitic groups shave their heads and tattoo themselves with Nazi symbols such as swastikas, SS insignias, and "Heil Hitler". Additionally, antisemitic groups march and preach antisemitic messages throughout America.[57] Although most American Jews are of European descent and 80% to 90% of them identify as white (as noted by Ilana Kaufman of the Jewish Community Relations Council), white nationalists hate the religious and ethnic diversity that Jews represent.[58]

African Americans

[edit]

Writing in neoconservative magazine Commentary, Brookings Institution fellow Jamie Kirchick said in 2018 that antisemitism has been a particular problem in parts of America's black community since the split between the mainstream Civil rights movement led by Martin Luther King Jr. and the more radical Black Power movement of the late 1960s. Kirchick says that leaders on the political left continue to foment antisemitism.[59]

A 2019 study found that 28% of African Americans believed that they were seeing more Black people that they personally knew express antisemitism than in the past.[44] In the same study, 19% of African Americans believed that Jewish people were impeding Black progress in America.[44] Four percent (4%) of African Americans self-identified as being Black Hebrew Israelites in 2019.[44]

Nation of Islam

[edit]
Main article: Nation of Islam and antisemitism
Further information: Antisemitism in Islam

A number of Jewish organizations, Christian organizations, Muslim organizations, and academics consider the Nation of Islam antisemitic. Specifically, they claim that the Nation of Islam has engaged in revisionist and antisemitic interpretations of the Holocaust and exaggerates the role of Jews in the Atlantic slave trade.[60][failed verification]

In December 2012, the Simon Wiesenthal Center put the NOI's leader Louis Farrakhan on its list of the ten most prominent antisemites in the world. He was the only American to make it onto the list. The organization cited statements that he had made in October of that year in which he claimed that "Jews control the media" and "Jews are the most violent of people".[61]

Farrakhan has denied charges of antisemitism, but in his denial, he included a reference to "Satanic Jews" and in another speech referred to Jews as termites.[62] After he was banned from Facebook, he denied being a "hater" but admitted that Facebook's designation of him as a "dangerous individual" was correct.[63]

Antisemitism on college campuses

[edit]
Further information: Universities and antisemitism, Academic boycott of Israel § United States, Qatari involvement in higher education in the United States, and Antisemitism and higher education in the United States

Many Jewish intellectuals who fled from Nazi Germany after Adolf Hitler's rise to power in the 1930s immigrated to the United States. There, they hoped to continue their academic careers, but barring a scant few, they found little acceptance in elite institutions in Depression-era America with its undercurrent of antisemitism. Instead, they found work in historically black colleges and universities in the American South.[64][65]

On April 3, 2006, the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights announced its finding that incidents of antisemitism are a "serious problem" on college campuses throughout the United States. The Commission recommended for the U.S. Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights to protect college students from antisemitism by vigorous enforcement of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. It further recommended for the U.S. Congress to clarify that Title VI applies to discrimination against Jewish students.[66]

In February 2015, the Louis D. Brandeis Center for Human Rights under Law and Trinity College[67] presented the results of a national survey of American Jewish college students. The survey had a 10-12% response rate and did not claim to be representative. The report showed that 54% of the 1,157 self-identified Jewish students at 55 campuses nationwide who took part in the online survey reported having experienced or witnessed antisemitism on their campuses during the Spring semester of the last academic year.

A 2017 report by Brandeis University's Steinhardt Social Research Institute indicated that most Jewish students never experience anti-Jewish remarks or physical attacks. The study, "Limits to Hostility," notes that even though it is often reported in the news, actual antisemitic hostility remains rare on most campuses and is seldom encountered by Jewish students.[68] The study attempted to document the student experience at the campus level, adding detail to previous national-level surveys.[69]: 5  The report summary highlights the finding that antisemitism exists on campus, but "Jewish students do not think their campus is hostile to Jews."

The National Demographic Survey of American Jewish College Students provided a snapshot of the type, context, and location of antisemitism as it was experienced by a large national sample of Jewish students on university and four-year college campuses.[70] Inside Higher Ed focused on the more surprising findings of the report, like the fact that high rates of antisemitism were also reported at institutions regardless of their location or type, and the data collected after the survey suggests that discrimination occurs during low-level, everyday interpersonal activities, and Jewish students feel that their reports of antisemitism are largely ignored by the administration.[71] However, not all of the reception was positive, and The Forward argued that the study documented only a snapshot in time, rather than a trend; it did not survey a representative sample of Jewish college students; and it was flawed by allowing students to define antisemitism and thus the term open to interpretation.[72]

In September 2021, in collaboration with the Cohen Group, the Brandeis Center conducted a poll of American Jewish fraternity and sorority members. The survey found that more than 65% of the respondents had experienced or were familiar with an antisemitic attack in the previous 120 days. Nearly half of the respondents felt the need to hide their Jewish identity out of fear.[73]

The October 7, 2023, Israel-Hamas conflict has significantly impacted the prevalence of antisemitism on college campuses across the United States. Many Jewish students and organizations have reported an increase in harassment, discrimination, and intimidation during and after protests linked to the conflict. Examples include instances of swastika graffiti on campus property, the assault of students for expressing pro-Israel views, and overall increases in antisemitic acts, especially on college campuses. [74] [75] [76] These incidents have intensified debates over free speech and the responsibilities of universities to address hate speech.

Reports from the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) highlight a marked increase in antisemitic incidents following October 7, 2023. The ADL documented 5,204 antisemitic incidents in the months following the conflict, a sum greater than the total amount of incidents from all of 2022. On college campuses, incidents spiked by 321%, totaling 922 reported cases. Fifty-two percent of post-October 7 incidents referenced Israel, Zionism, or Palestine. Despite the focus on these geopolitical issues, antisemitic incidents unrelated to Israel also increased by 65% year-over-year, underscoring the widespread nature of the problem.[76]

Hate crimes

[edit]

Overview

[edit]
See also: List of antisemitic incidents in the United States, List of attacks on Jewish institutions in the United States, and Lynching of American Jews
  Private residence (22%)
  College campus (7%)
  Jewish institution / school (11%)
  Non-Jewish school (12%)
  Public area (35%)
  Private building / area (12%)
  Cemetery (1%)

In April 2019, the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) reported that antisemitism in the U.S. was at "near-historic levels," with 1,879 attacks recorded against individuals and institutions during 2018, "the third-highest year on record since the ADL started tracking such data in the 1970s."[77]

This followed data from earlier in the decade which showed a multi-year slide in antisemitism, including a 19% decline in 2013.[78]

During the 2013 knockout game spate of violent assaults, all reported "knockout" assaults in New York City targeted Jews.[79] ABC Nightline reported that New York City police believed that antisemitism was likely to be a motive in the attacks, as all eight victims were identified as Jewish.[80]

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) organizes Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) which are designed to collect and evaluate statistics of offenses which are committed in the U.S. In 2014, 1,140 victims of anti-religious hate crimes were listed, of which 56.8% were motivated by offenders' anti-Jewish biases. 15,494 law enforcement agencies contributed to the UCR analysis.[81][82]

According to the American Enterprise Institute, Jews were the most likely of any group, religious or otherwise, to be targeted for hate crimes in the U.S. in 2018,[83] 2016,[84] and 2015.[85] The New York Times reported that Jews were the most targeted in proportion to their population size in 2005,[86] and they were the second-most targeted individuals after LGBT individuals in 2014.[86][87]

The NYPD reported a 75% increase in the amount of swastika graffiti between 2016 and 2018, with an uptick observed after the Pittsburgh shooting. Out of 189 hate crimes in New York City in 2018, 150 featured swastikas.[88] On February 1, 2019, graffiti which read "fucking Jews" was found on the wall of a synagogue in LA.[89] During Hanukkah festivities in December 2019, a number of attacks committed in New York were possibly motivated by antisemitism, including a mass stabbing in Monsey.[90]

In 2018 and 2019, antisemitism in the United States was reported to have increased compared to previous years according to statistics collected by both the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Anti-Defamation League. These statistics include both violent antisemitic attacks on Jews and cases of harassment.[91][92][93]

2019 saw a spate of attacks in which pedestrians wearing identifiably Jewish clothing were assaulted, beaten and often knocked to the ground by an assailant or group of assailants, many of whom shouted antisemitic slurs.[94][95] The assailants were black and Hispanic.[96] One assailant, Tiffany Harris, who was released without bail after attacking a Jewish woman, attacked three other Jewish women the very next day; all of the victims were dressed in distinctively Jewish clothing.[97] Although the Williamsburg and Crown Heights neighborhoods of Brooklyn where most of the assaults have taken place are experiencing gentrification, no similar assaults have been reported on the gentrifiers, although their clothing makes them easy to identify.[96]

In May 2021, there was an upsurge of violent assaults on Jews in the United States at the same time as the Gaza conflict, according to the Secure Community Network and Network Contagion Research Institute.[98]

In 2023, antisemitic hate crimes accounted for almost half of the total hate crimes committed in New York State.[99]

In July 2024, a New York City Jew wrote about feeling threatened in New York City after being assaulted in Central Park.[100]

In August 2024, the US Department of Homeland Security announced that it had allocated $454.5 million for the 2024 fiscal year to securing Jewish religious institutions in light of rising antisemitis.[9] This is a $150 million increase from the 2023 budget.[9]

Also in August 2024, AIPAC's headquarters in Washington DC were vandalized by anti-Israel activists.[101][102] This happened around the same time as Swastikas were graffitied throughout a NYC neighborhood,[103] and four Maryland schools were vandalized with anti-Israel and antisemitic graffiti.[104] New York Police Department reported 19 antisemetic incidents in New York City in August 2024 alone,[105] with a total of 117 incidents between January and the end of September 2024, a 74% increase from the same period the previous year.[106] In September 2024, the FBI reported that there was a 63% increase in antisemetic incidents in the US in 2023 from the previous year, for a total of an all-time high of 1,832 recorded incidents.[107]

Antisemitism has also been reported during the 2024 pro-Palestinian protests on university campuses,[108][109] as well as complaints about antisemitism in various public school districts.[110]

2018 Pittsburgh synagogue shooting

[edit]
Main article: Pittsburgh synagogue shooting
People paying their respects at a memorial to the victims of the Tree of Life synagogue

The Pittsburgh synagogue shooting was a terrorist attack in the form of a mass shooting, which took place at the Tree of Life – Or L'Simcha Congregation[111] synagogue in the Squirrel Hill neighborhood of Pittsburgh. The congregation, along with New Light Congregation and Congregation Dor Hadash, which also worshipped in the building, was attacked during Shabbat morning services on October 27, 2018. The perpetrator killed eleven people and wounded six. It was the deadliest attack ever on the Jewish community in the United States. A lone suspect, identified as 46-year-old Robert Gregory Bowers, was arrested at the scene. In 2023 he was tried in federal court and sentenced to death.[112]

2019 Poway synagogue shooting

[edit]
Main article: Poway synagogue shooting

The Poway synagogue shooting occurred on April 27, 2019, at Chabad of Poway synagogue in Poway, California. It came on the last day of the Jewish Passover holiday, which fell on a Shabbat. Armed with an AR-15 style rifle the gunman, John Earnest, a White supremacist and Christian traditionalist, fatally shot one woman and injured three other persons, including the synagogue's rabbi. A month before the shooting, Earnest had attempted to burn down a mosque in Escondido. In September 2021, Earnest was sentenced by a state court to life in prison without the possibility of parole.[113]

2019 Jersey City shooting

[edit]
This section is an excerpt from 2019 Jersey City shooting.[edit]
Khal Adas Greenville and JC Kosher Supermarket (August 2019)

On December 10, 2019, a shooting took place at a kosher grocery store in the Greenville section of Jersey City, New Jersey. Three people were killed at the store by two assailants, David N. Anderson and Francine Graham. The assailants also wounded one customer and two police officers before being killed by police during an ensuing shootout. A Jersey City Police Department detective had also been shot and killed by the assailants at a nearby cemetery just before the grocery store attack.[114][115][116]

Anderson, who identified as a Black Hebrew Israelite, had a history of posting antisemitic and anti-law enforcement messages on social media; Attorney General of New Jersey Gurbir Grewal stated that evidence indicated that the attacks were acts of hate and domestic terrorism which were fueled by antisemitism and anti-police sentiment. Authorities believe that a much larger attack had been planned, but it was thwarted by the police detective's intervention at the cemetery. The shooting was part of a wave of violent attacks against Jews in the United States.[117][118][119]

2023 Los Angeles shooting

[edit]

In February 2023, 28 year-old Jaime Tran shot two Jewish men when they were leaving religious services at two separate synagogues in the same predominantly Jewish neighborhood of Los Angeles, California. According to the police, the victims were carried to a hospital in stable condition. Tran was arrested by police and admitted he shot the men for being Jewish. Tran, who often posted far-right antisemitic content online, may be sentenced to life in prison.[120]

2023 New Jersey arson attacks

[edit]

In June 2023, four Jewish homes were set on fire, one of which was destroyed completely, and fourteen others were sprayed with antisemitic graffiti including swastikas and other Neo-Nazi and white supremacist symbols in Toms River, NJ. A Hispanic family was targeted too. The perpetrator of these attacks, Ronald "Ron" Carr, 35, from nearby Manchester, told the police that he acted to "save the neighborhood" from Jews, who "are ruining the world" and "should be a dying breed".[121] He was sentenced to seven years in prison.[122][123][124]

Other incidents

[edit]

Maugham Elementary School Adolf Hitler assignment controversy

[edit]
Main article: Maugham Elementary School Adolf Hitler assignment controversy

In early April 2021,[125] a fifth-grade teacher at Maugham Elementary School, a public grammar school in Tenafly, New Jersey, instructed a 5th grade student to dress up as Adolf Hitler and write a first-person essay from the perspective of the Nazi leader touting his "accomplishments" as a part of a class assignment.[126][127][128][129][130] The student wrote a biography of Hitler that glorified the Nazi leader, stated that Hitler's "greatest accomplishment was uniting a great mass of German and Austrian people" in his support, framed the Holocaust in a positive light, and added that Hitler was "pretty great".[127][131][132] The student's essay was displayed publicly within the school's hallway during the month of April.[125][127][133][134][135] In May 2021, the details of the school assignment became known to the public, leading to outrage in the community, which has a substantial Jewish population.[125][127][133][136] After initially defending the teacher and the school's actions and asserting that "it is unfair to judge any student or teacher in this matter",[137][138][139] the board of Tenafly Public Schools suspended the teacher and the principal of the school with pay in June 2021 and opened an investigation into the incident.[140][131] Following the investigation, the teacher resigned and the principle was reinstated.[141][142]

In the aftermath of Hurricane Helene

[edit]

In October 2024, in the aftermath of Hurricane Helene, there were complains of online posts containing antisemitic rhetoric and threatening violence against FEMA officials have surfaced in the aftermath of the storm.[143][144] Many were disturbed at the speed at which these false claims were spread.[143][144]

List of 21st century violent attacks (in chronological order)

[edit]
Main article: List of antisemitic incidents in the United States
Flowers outside the Jewish Federation building in Seattle, Washington, a memorial to the victims of the 2006 Seattle Jewish Federation shooting.
Memorials to victims outside the Tree of Life synagogue in 2018

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "ADL Urges Action After FBI Reports Jews Were Target of Most Religion-Based Hate Crimes in 2018". Anti-Defamation League.
  2. ^ Pink, Aiden (August 17, 2020). "Colleges express outrage about anti-Semitism— but fail to report it as a crime". The Forward. Retrieved 2021-02-09.
  3. ^ a b "ADL poll: Anti-Semitic attitudes on rise in USA". The Jerusalem Post. November 3, 2011. Retrieved December 20, 2013.
  4. ^ "Antisemitic Attitudes in the U.S.: A Guide to ADL's Latest Poll". Anti-Defamation League. Retrieved 2021-02-09.
  5. ^ Launch of U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism, 25 May 2023, retrieved 2023-07-24
  6. ^ "Global Guidelines for Countering Antisemitism". State Department. 17 July 2024. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
  7. ^ Magid, Jacob (17 July 2024). "US leads countries adopting new guidelines for combatting antisemitism". Times of Israel. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
  8. ^ "US and 35 countries, international bodies endorse Global Guidelines for Countering Antisemitism". Jerusalem Post. 18 July 2024. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
  9. ^ a b c d Hajdenberg, Jackie (28 August 2024). "US to spend record $454 million securing religious institutions as antisemitism spikes". Times of Israel. Retrieved 28 August 2024.
  10. ^ "Antisemitism in US at all-time high as American Jews report 'explosion of hate'". The Jerusalem Post. October 7, 2024. Retrieved October 13, 2024. A total of 10,000 antisemitic incidents were recorded in the US since October 7 - the highest number of incidents in the ADL's history.
  11. ^ "3.5 million US Jews experienced antisemitism since Oct. 7 Hamas attack, survey finds". The Times of Israel. October 7, 2024. Retrieved October 8, 2024.
  12. ^
  13. ^ Tevis 2021, p. 257.
  14. ^ Krefetz, Gerald (1982). Jews and money : the myths and the reality. Mazal Holocaust Collection. New Haven: Ticknor & Fields. ISBN 0-89919-129-0. OCLC 8903309.
  15. ^ Goldberg, Michelle. Kingdom Coming: The Rise of Christian Nationalism. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2006. pp. 186-187.
  16. ^ Richard Frankel, "One Crisis Behind? Rethinking Antisemitic Exceptionalism in the United States and Germany." American Jewish History 97.3 (July 2013): 235-258.
  17. ^ Greenberg, David (March 12, 2002). "Nixon and the Jews. Again". Slate. Retrieved August 29, 2018.
  18. ^ Harris, Paul (2 February 2011). "Glenn Beck and the echoes of Charles Coughlin". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  19. ^ Hanebrink, Paul. A Specter Haunting Europe: The Myth of Judeo-Bolshevism. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2018. pp. 11-20.
  20. ^ Andrew S. Winston, "'Jews will not replace us!': Antisemitism, Interbreeding and Immigration in Historical Context." American Jewish History 105.1 (2021): 1-24.
  21. ^ See Andrew S. Winston, "'Jews will not replace us!': Antisemitism, Interbreeding and Immigration in Historical Context." American Jewish History 105.1 (2021): 1-24. at p. 6.
  22. ^ Leonard Dinnerstein, Anti-Semitism in America (1994) pp 78-127.
  23. ^ Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America. Indiana University Press. 2006. p. 589. ISBN 978-0253346858.
  24. ^ Marger, Martin N. (2008). Race and Ethnic Relations: American and Global Perspectives. Cengage Learning. p. 3234. ISBN 9780495504368. It is the connection of Jews with money, however, that appears to be the sine qua non of anti-Semitism.
  25. ^ Schneider, David J. (2004). The psychology of stereotyping. Guilford Press. p. 461. ISBN 9781572309296.
  26. ^ The handbook of social psychology, Volume 2. 1998. pp. 380–381.
  27. ^ a b c d "Anti-Semitism and Prejudice in America: Highlights from an ADL Survey - November 1998". Anti-Defamation League. Archived from the original on Oct 9, 2014. Retrieved January 31, 2015.
  28. ^ "QAnon's Antisemitism and What Come's Next". Anti-Defamation League. 2021-09-17.
  29. ^ a b c "The Resuscitation of Anti-Semitism: An American Perspective - An Interview with Abraham Foxman". Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. Archived from the original on 8 June 2011. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
  30. ^ a b "ADL Survey: Antisemitism In America Remains Constant; 14 Percent Of Americans Hold 'Strong' Antisemitic Beliefs". Archived from the original on 7 February 2011.
  31. ^ "ADL Audit: Antisemitic Incidents At Highest Level in Nine Years" (Press release). April 4, 2005. Archived from the original on February 14, 2006.
  32. ^ "Aquí Se Habla Español – and Two-Thirds Don't Mind" (PDF). ABC News. Oct 8, 2007. Retrieved Dec 20, 2013.
  33. ^ Modern Anti-Semitism and Anti-Israeli Attitudes, Florette Cohen, Department of Psychology, The College of Staten Island, City University New York; Lee Jussim, Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick; Kent D. Harber, Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Newark; Gautam Bhasin, Department of Counseling, Columbia Teacher's College, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2009, Vol. 97, No. 2, 290–306 psycnet.apa.org
  34. ^ David N. Myers, "The Perils of Naming: On Donald Trump, Jews, and Antisemites," Journal of Holocaust Research (2021) 35:2, 154-162, DOI:10.1080/25785648.2021.1899511
  35. ^ "Poll: Domestic Issues Dominate The Priorities Of The Jewish Electorate." Jewish Electorate Institute. 22 May 2019. 22 May 2019.
  36. ^ Jones, Jeffrey M. (1 July 2024). "Americans Show Heightened Concern About Antisemitism". Gallup. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
  37. ^ Greenwood, Hanan (7 October 2024). "Survey: Antisemites target 1 in every 3 US Jews". Israel Hayom. Retrieved 10 October 2024.
  38. ^ "3.5 million US Jews experienced antisemitism since Oct. 7 Hamas attack, survey finds". Times of Israel. 7 October 2024. Retrieved 1 October 2024.
  39. ^ a b "ADL 2011 Antisemitism Presentation" (PDF). Anti-Defamation League. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-07-12. Retrieved January 31, 2015.
  40. ^ "To what degree does Anti-Semitism among African Americans simply reflect Anti-White sentiment?". Archived from the original on 2007-10-20.
  41. ^ Jessica T. Simes (2009). "Does anti-Semitism among African Americans simply reflect anti-White sentiment?", 46 The Social Science Journal 384–89.
  42. ^ "Anti-Semitism and Prejudice in America: Highlights from an ADL Survey". Anti-Defamation League. November 1998. Retrieved 23 May 2019 – via Jewish Virtual Library.
  43. ^ Jamie Kirchick (June 2018). "The Rise of Black Anti-Semitism". Commentary Magazine. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
  44. ^ a b c d e f Earls, Aaron (5 November 2019). "African Americans Have Mixed Opinions and Often No Opinions on Israel". LifeWay Research. LifeWay. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
  45. ^ "Kareem Abdul-Jabbar: Where Is the Outrage Over Anti-Semitism in Sports and Hollywood?". The Hollywood Reporter. 2020-07-14. Retrieved 2021-02-10.
  46. ^ Kobrinetz, Shayna. "USC alum Zach Banner uses platform to fight anti-semitism". USC Athletics. Retrieved 2021-02-10.
  47. ^ "Mayor Eric Adams, Rev. Al Sharpton, others gather for joint Kwanzaa, Hanukkah celebration". New York Amsterdam News. December 21, 2022.
  48. ^ a b "Mayor Eric Adams, Rev. Al Sharpton, Robert F. Smith, Robert F. Smith, Rev. Conrad Tillard, Rabbi Shmuley Boteach and Elisha Wiesel join together to host '15 Days of Light,' celebrating Hanukkah and Kwanzaa". JNS.
  49. ^ "Black and Jewish Leaders Gather at Carnegie Hall to Take a Stand Against Antisemitism and Racism". Yahoo. December 20, 2022. Archived from the original on December 25, 2022. Retrieved December 30, 2022.
  50. ^ Costa, Cassie da (16 July 2020). "The Disturbing Rise of Anti-Semitism Among Black Celebs". The Daily Beast.
  51. ^ Atkins, Stephen E. (2009). Austin J. App and Holocaust Denial. Holocaust denial as an international movement. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. pp. 153–55. ISBN 0-313-34539-2.
  52. ^ Carlos C. Huerta and Dafna Shiffman-Huerta "Holocaust Denial Literature: Its Place in Teaching the Holocaust", in Rochelle L. Millen. New Perspectives on the Holocaust: A Guide for Teachers and Scholars, NYU Press, 1996, ISBN 0-8147-5540-2, p. 189.
  53. ^ Antisemitism In The Contemporary World. Edited by Michael Curtis. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1986, 333 pp., $42.50. ISBN 0-8133-0157-2.
  54. ^ a b Conference, Claims (13 August 2020). "First-Ever 50-State Survey on Holocaust Knowledge of American Millennials and Gen Z Reveals Shocking Results". Claims Conference. Retrieved 2021-02-10.
  55. ^ Miller, Ryan W. "Almost two-thirds of millennials, Gen Z don't know that 6 million Jews were killed in the Holocaust, survey finds". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2021-02-10.
  56. ^ "Nearly two-thirds of US young adults unaware 6m Jews killed in the Holocaust". The Guardian. 2020-09-16. Retrieved 2021-02-10.
  57. ^ "Extremism in America - About Westboro Baptist Church". Archived from the original on 2010-07-07. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
  58. ^ Chang, Ailsa; Kaufman, Ilana. "How Anti-Semitism Is Tied To White Nationalism". NPR. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
  59. ^ Jamie Kirchick (June 2018). "The Rise of Black Anti-Semitism". Commentary Magazine. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
  60. ^ "H-Antisemitism | H-Net". networks.h-net.org.
  61. ^ "Wiesenthal ranks top 10 anti-Semites, Israel-haters". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. 28 December 2012.
  62. ^ "Farrakhan: In his own words". ADL. 2 August 2023. Retrieved 28 October 2024.
  63. ^ G. McCann, Herbert (May 10, 2021). "Farrakhan delivers insult while denying he's anti-Semitic". AP NEWS. Retrieved 17 January 2020.
  64. ^ "Jewish Prof's and HBCU's - African American Registry". African American Registry. Retrieved 2018-12-24.
  65. ^ Hoch, Paul K. (1983-05-11). "The reception of central European refugee physicists of the 1930s: USSR, UK, US". Annals of Science. 40 (3): 217–246. doi:10.1080/00033798300200211. ISSN 0003-3790.
  66. ^ U.S. Commission on Civil Rights: "Findings and Recommendations Regarding Campus Antisemitism" (PDF). (19.3 KiB). April 3, 2006
  67. ^ Kosmin, Barry; Keysar, Ariela. "Anti-Semitism Report" (PDF). Louis D. Brandeis Center. Louis D. Brandeis Cent for Human Rights Under Law. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-03-18.
  68. ^ Lipman, Steve (18 December 2017). "What Anti-Semitism On Campus?". The New York Jewish Week. The Jewish Week Media Group. Archived from the original on 9 February 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
  69. ^ Wright, Graham; Shain, Michelle; Hecht, Shahar; Saxe, Leonard (December 2017). "The Limits of Hostility:Students Report on Antisemitism and Anti-Israel Sentiment at Four US Universities" (PDF). Brandeis University. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 18, 2017. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
  70. ^ "National Survey of U.S. Jewish College Students Shows High Rate of Anti-Semitism on Campuses". Trinity College. Archived from the original on February 12, 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
  71. ^ Mulhere, Kaitlin. "Campus Anti-Semitism". Retrieved 4 August 2016.
  72. ^ Ulinich, Anya (24 March 2015). "The Anti-Semitism Surge That Isn't". The Forward. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
  73. ^ Murakami, Kery (November 26, 2021). ""Jewish leaders worry about rising antisemitism from the left"". The Washington Times. Retrieved July 6, 2022.
  74. ^ "Oxford Chabad Was Vandalised With Swastika on Anniversary of October 7". The Jewish Chronicle. Retrieved 7 December 2024.
  75. ^ "Columbia Responds to a Post-October 7 World". Columbia Magazine. Retrieved 7 December 2024.
  76. ^ a b "Audit of Antisemitic Incidents 2023". Anti-Defamation League. Retrieved 7 December 2024.
  77. ^ "Anti-Semitic Incidents Remained at Near-Historic Levels in 2018; Assaults Against Jews More Than Doubled". Anti-Defamation League.
  78. ^ "ADL Audit: Anti-Semitic Incidents Declined 19 Percent Across the United States in 2013". ADL. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
  79. ^ "Police Added in Brooklyn Neighborhood Amid "Knockout Game" Attacks". WNBC. 2013-11-20. Retrieved 2020-01-01.
  80. ^ "Sucker Punch: Possible Spike in 'Knockout Game' Attacks". ABC Nightline. 2013-11-26. Retrieved 2020-01-01.
  81. ^ "Latest Hate Crime Statistics Available". Federal Bureau of Investigation.
  82. ^ "Victims". FBI.
  83. ^ "New 2018 FBI data: Jews were 2.7X more likely than blacks, 2.2X more likely than Muslims to be hate crime victims". American Enterprise Institute - AEI. 14 November 2019.
  84. ^ "2016 FBI data: Jews were 3X more likely than blacks, 1.5X more likely than Muslims to be hate crime victims". American Enterprise Institute - AEI. 13 November 2017.
  85. ^ "2015 FBI data: Jews were nearly 3X more likely than blacks, 1.5X more likely than Muslims to be a hate crime victim". 6 December 2016.
  86. ^ a b Park, Haeyoun; Mykhyalyshyn, Iaryna (16 June 2016). "L.G.B.T. People Are More Likely to Be Targets of Hate Crimes Than Any Other Minority Group". The New York Times.
  87. ^ "Interesting facts of the day on US hate crimes in 2014". American Enterprise Institute - AEI. 6 December 2015.
  88. ^ "Hate crimes in NY: Jews targeted in 2018 more than all other groups combined". Forward. 23 January 2018. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  89. ^ "Anti-Semitic graffiti found on LA synagogue". The Times of Israel. 1 February 2019. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  90. ^ "Synagogue stabbings: five hurt in Monsey attack, say reports". The Guardian. December 28, 2019. Retrieved December 28, 2019.
  91. ^ "Acts of anti-Semitism are on the rise in New York and elsewhere, leaving Jewish community rattled". Washington Post. 29 December 2019. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
  92. ^ "Audit of Anti-Semitic Incidents: Year in Review 2018". ADL. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
  93. ^ "Anti-Semitic attacks". The New York Times. 18 February 2019. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
  94. ^ "NYPD Steps Up Patrols". The New York Times. 29 December 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  95. ^ "Antisemitic Attacks fuel continuing rise in Hate Crimes in New York". The New York Times. 18 February 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  96. ^ a b Rosen, Armin (15 July 2015). "Everybody Knows: As the leading targets of hate crimes, Jews are routinely being attacked in the streets of New York City. So why is no one acting like it's a big deal?". Tablet Magazine. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
  97. ^ "NY woman released after attacking Jewish woman, assaults another woman". Jerusalem Post. 3 December 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  98. ^ Kampeas, Ron (May 26, 2021). "Antisemitic acts in US soared 80% in a month, Jewish group reports". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  99. ^ Hannah, Sarisohn (29 August 2024). "Anti-Jewish hate crimes reported in NY last year accounted for almost half of all hate crimes". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
  100. ^ Ripp, Allan (25 July 2024). "I Never Thought I Could Be Attacked as a Jew in New York City—Until It Happened". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 28 August 2024.
  101. ^ Starr, Michael (27 August 2024). "AIPAC headquarters vandalized by anti-Israel activists". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 28 August 2024.
  102. ^ Strack, Haley (7 August 2024). "Anti-Israel Radicals Vandalize AIPAC Headquarters in Washington". National Review. Retrieved 28 August 2024.
  103. ^ Starr, Michael (25 August 2024). "Swastikas graffitied throughout NYC neighborhood". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 28 August 2024.
  104. ^ Starr, Michael (20 August 2024). "Four more Maryland schools vandalized with antisemitic, anti-Israel graffiti". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 28 August 2024.
  105. ^ Kampeas, Ron (5 September 2024). "NYPD reports 19 antisemitic incidents in August as anti-Muslim acts also spike". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
  106. ^ Tress, Luke (9 October 2024). "Police data shows antisemitic hate crimes have surged in NYC this year". Times of Israel. Retrieved 10 October 2024.
  107. ^ "Antisemitic hate crimes in US surged 63% in 2023, to all-time high of 1,832 – FBI". Times of Israel. 23 September 2024. Retrieved 26 September 2024.
  108. ^ "Colleges struggle with allowing protests and preventing antisemitism and intimidation". PBS. 23 April 2024. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  109. ^ "Students at Top Universities Call Antisemitism a Problem, Poll Finds". PBS. 13 May 2024. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  110. ^ Rubinkam, Michael (23 July 2024). "Antisemitism runs rampant in Philadelphia schools, Jewish group alleges in civil rights complaint". AP News. Retrieved 24 July 2024.
  111. ^ "Synagogue Life". Tree of Life * Or l'Simcha Congregation. Archived from the original on October 31, 2018. Retrieved October 27, 2018.
  112. ^ See Julianne McShane and Minyvonne Burke. "Pittsburgh synagogue mass shooter sentenced to death after victims face him in court" NBC News Aug. 3, 2023.
  113. ^ Kimball, Spencer (2019-04-27). "'It was a hate crime': One dead, three injured in synagogue shooting in San Diego area". CNBC. Archived from the original on 2019-04-29. Retrieved May 5, 2019.
  114. ^ Knoll, Corina (December 15, 2019). "How 2 Drifters Brought Anti-Semitic Terror to Jersey City". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 13, 2023. Retrieved December 15, 2019.
  115. ^ De Avila, Joseph; Blint-Welsh, Tyler (December 11, 2019). "New Jersey Shooters Targeted Kosher Grocery Store, Jersey City Mayor Says". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved December 11, 2019.
  116. ^ Sherman, Ted; Sullivan, S.P. (December 15, 2019). "Inside the Jersey City carnage. A day of hate, death and heroism". NJ.com. Retrieved December 15, 2019.
  117. ^ Adely, Hannan; Barchenger, Stacey (December 12, 2019). "Jersey City shooting follows a rise in hate crimes, frightening pattern of attacks on Jewish sites". USA TODAY. Retrieved February 15, 2022.
  118. ^ Singh, Kanishka (May 12, 2020). Graff, Peter (ed.). "Watchdog reports record number of anti-Semitic incidents in U.S. last year". Reuters. Retrieved February 15, 2022.
  119. ^ Diaz, Johnny (May 12, 2020). "Anti-Semitic Incidents Surged in 2019, Report Says". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 13, 2023. Retrieved February 15, 2022.
  120. ^ Campbell, Josh; Tucker, Emma (17 February 2023). "Federal prosecutors charge man with 2 hate crimes after allegedly shooting 2 Jewish men in Los Angeles". CNN.
  121. ^ Wall, Karen (30 June 2023). "Man Made Multiple Antisemitic Statements In Manchester Arson, Bias Spree: Police". Patch. Retrieved 28 September 2024.
  122. ^ "New Jersey man sentenced to 7 years in arson, antisemitic graffiti cases". ABC News. 18 August 2024. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
  123. ^ Eichner, Itamar (20 August 2024). "7 years in prison for NJ man in arson, antisemitic graffiti attacks". YNET News. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
  124. ^ Starr, Michael (19 August 2024). "Antisemitic New Jersey arsonist sentenced to 7 years for destroying home". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
  125. ^ a b c DeMarco, Jerry (31 May 2021). "Tenafly 5th Grader Dresses As Hitler For Class Project: 'Pretty Great Wasn't I?'". Daily Voice.
  126. ^ Eyewitness News (4 June 2021). "Teacher, principal on leave after student's project on Hitler in New Jersey town". ABC 7.
  127. ^ a b c d Beachum, Lateshia (1 June 2021). "Fifth-grader dresses as Hitler, lauds dictator's 'accomplishments.' A N.J. district is investigating". The Washington Post.
  128. ^ "New Jersey, bambina di 9 anni si traveste da Hitler per un compito. Scoppia la polemica: "È antisemitismo"". Il Mattino. 3 June 2021.
  129. ^ "Daily Kickoff". Jewish Insider. 3 June 2021.
  130. ^ Freda, Gerry (4 June 2021). "Entra in classe "travestita da Hitler". Bufera in una scuola elementare". Il Giornale.
  131. ^ a b Alexander, Dan (1 June 2021). "Tenafly, NJ 5th grade project on Hitler as 'great' being probed". NJ101.5.
  132. ^ Katzban, Nicholas (2 June 2021). "Jewish groups call on community to quell anger toward Tenafly student over Hitler essay". NorthJersey.com.
  133. ^ a b "NJ Elementary Student's Assignment Appearing to Glorify Hitler Sparks Outrage". NBC New York. 1 June 2021.
  134. ^ Ford, James; Cook, Lauren (1 June 2021). "'I was pretty great, wasn't I': NJ student's Hitler presentation under investigation, school district says". PIX 11.
  135. ^ "'I Was Pretty Great, Wasn't I?': Outrage Over Display of Flattering Hitler Bio at New Jersey Elementary School". The Algemeiner. 1 June 2021.
  136. ^ Sheldon, Chris (2 June 2020). "School reviewing 5th grade student's first-person Hitler essay". NJ.com.
  137. ^ Sheldon, Chris (4 June 2021). "Teacher who assigned first-person Hitler essay placed on leave, superintendent says". NJ.com.
  138. ^ Galluccio, Bill (3 June 2021). "New Jersey School Board Defends 5th Grade Teacher Over Hitler Assignment". NewsRadio WFLA.
  139. ^ Madani, Doha (2 June 2021). "New Jersey school board defends 5th grade student and teacher over Hitler assignment". NBC News.
  140. ^ Katzban, Nicholas (4 June 2021). "New Jersey teacher, principal on paid leave after student's report on Hitler's 'accomplishments'". USA Today. Gannett. NorthJersey.com.
  141. ^ "New Jersey teacher resigns after student's Hitler assignment". Associated Press. 13 July 2024. Retrieved 24 July 2024.
  142. ^ Noda, Stephanie (13 July 2021). "Principal returns, teacher resigns in Tenafly after Hitler assignment". North Jersey. Retrieved 24 July 2024.
  143. ^ a b Medina, Eduardo (8 October 2024). "Antisemitism and Threats Directed at Officials Over Storm Response". NY Times. Retrieved 10 October 2024.
  144. ^ a b Oremus, Will; Joselow, Maxine (8 October 2024). "Officials face antisemitic attacks over Hurricane Helene response". Washington Post.
  145. ^ "Monsey Stabbing Victim Josef Neumann Dies: Council". 30 March 2020.
  146. ^ "NYPD investigates more anti-Semitic attacks after Jewish teens beaten, synagogue worshippers harassed". news.yahoo.com. Retrieved 2021-05-24.
  147. ^ Madeline Holcombe (22 May 2021). "The Jewish man who was the victim of a gang assault in New York says the level of hatred was troubling". CNN. Retrieved 2021-05-24.
  148. ^ Williams, Michael (15 January 2022). "Colleyville police SWAT team involved in incident at synagogue". The Dallas Morning News. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  149. ^ a b Von Quednow, Cindy; Levenson, Eric (24 June 2024). "Pro-Palestinian protest outside LA synagogue criticized as 'antisemitic' after street fights with pro-Israel protesters". CNN. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  150. ^ Kessel, Zach (24 June 2024). "Anti-Israel Mob Beats Jewish Woman in Riot outside Los Angeles Synagogue". National Review. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  151. ^ Starr, Michael (29 July 2024). "Lawsuit hits protest groups, funder over Pico-Robertson synagogue riots". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
  152. ^ Eichner, Itamar (18 September 2024). "'They called me a dirty Jew' says victims of antisemitic attack in Oklahoma". YNET News. Retrieved 19 September 2024.

Further reading

[edit]
Further information: History of antisemitism in the United States § Further reading
  • Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith. Hate Groups in America: a Record of Bigotry and Violence, (2nd ed, Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith, 1988) online
  • Buckley, William F. In Search of Anti-Semitism, New York: Continuum, 1992
  • Dershowitz, Alan M. Chutzpah 1st ed., Boston: Little, Brown, 1991
  • Dinnerstein, Leonard. Antisemitism in America, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994) online
  • Dinnerstein, Leonard Uneasy at Home: Antisemitism and the American Jewish Experience, New York: Columbia University Press, 1987.
  • Dobkowski, Michael N. The Tarnished Dream: The Basis of American Anti-Semitism (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1979, a major scholarly study online
  • Dolan, Edward F. Anti-Semitism, New York: F. Watts, 1985.
  • Extremism on the Right: A Handbook New revised edition, New York: Anti Defamation League of B'nai B'rith, 1988.
  • Flynn, Kevin J. and Gary Gerhardt The Silent Brotherhood: Inside America's Racist Underground, New York: Free Press; London: Collier Macmillan, c1989
  • Gerber, David A., ed. Anti-Semitism in American History (U of Illinois Press, 1986), essays by experts.
  • Ginsberg, Benjamin The Fatal Embrace: Jews and the State, (U of Chicago Press, 1993)
  • Handlin, Oscar, and Mary F. Handlin. Danger in Discord: Origins of Anti-Semitism in the United States (Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith, 1948), highly influential short study by a leading historian. online
  • Higham, John. "Anti-Semitism in the Gilded Age: A Reinterpretation," Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 43 (1957): 559–78 online.
  • Higham, John. "Social discrimination against Jews in America, 1830-1930." Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society 47.1 (1957): 1-33; Along with Handlin, the most influential early study says Tevis (2021).
online
  • Jaher, Frederic Cople A Scapegoat in the Wilderness: The Origins and Rise of Anti-Semitism in America, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1994
  • Lang, Susan S. Extremist Groups in America, (New York: F. Watts, 1990).
  • Lee, Albert Henry Ford and the Jews, (New York: Stein and Day, 1980).
  • Levinger, Lee J. Anti-Semitism in the United States: Its history and causes (1925) online
  • Lipstadt, Deborah E. Antisemitism: Here and Now (2019)
  • Mart, Michelle. "Constructing a universal ideal: anti-Semitism, American Jews, and the founding of Israel." Modern Judaism 20.2 (2000): 181–208.
  • Rausch, David A. Fundamentalist-evangelicals and Anti-semitism (Philadelphia: Trinity Press International, 1993).
  • Ridgeway, James Blood in the Face: The Ku Klux Klan, Aryan Nations, Nazi Skinheads and the Rise of a New White Culture, (New York: Thunder's Mouth Press, 1990).
  • Shapiro, Edward S. "The Approach of War: Congressional Isolationism and Anti-Semitism, 1939–1941." American Jewish History 74.1 (1984): 45–65. online
  • Volkman, Ernest A Legacy of Hate: Anti-Semitism in America, New York: F. Watts, 1982
  • Weiner, Deborah R. "Insiders and Outsiders: Jewish-Gentile Relations in Baltimore during the Interwar Era' Maryland Historical Magazine 110#4 (2015) pp. 463-488 in 19203 and 1930s

Historiography and memory

[edit]
  • Brackman, Harold David. "The attack on Jewish Hollywood: A chapter in the history of modern American Anti-Semitism." Modern Judaism 20.1 (2000): 1–19.
  • Carr, Steven Alan. Hollywood and Anti-Semitism: A Cultural History up to World War II, (Cambridge University Press 2001).
  • Dinnerstein, Leonard. "Anti-Semitism exposed and attacked, 1945–1950." American Jewish History 71.1 (1981): 134–149. online
  • Gerber, David A. "Leonard Dinnerstein (1934–2019): The Historian and His Subject." American Jewish History 105.1 (2021): 235–245. online
  • Goldman, Eric A. "Gentleman's Agreement and Crossfire: Films That Took on Anti-Semitism in 1947 (The 1940s)." in The American Jewish Story through Cinema (University of Texas Press, 2021) pp. 50–96.
  • Hirsch, Herbert and Jack D. Spiro, eds. Persistent Prejudice: Perspectives on Anti-Semitism (George Mason University Press, 1988)
  • Levinson, Daniel J., and R. Nevitt Sanford. "A scale for the measurement of anti-Semitism." Journal of Psychology 17.2 (1944): 339–370.
  • Lipstadt, Deborah E. Denying the Holocaust: The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory, (1993)
  • Roth, Philip The Plot Against America, (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 2004), a novel about 1940s
  • Short, K. R. M. "Hollywood fights anti-Semitism, 1940-1945." in Film & Radio Propaganda in World War II (Routledge, 2021) pp. 146–172.
  • Tevis, Britt P. "Trends in the Study of Antisemitism in United States History." American Jewish History 105.1 (2021): 255–284. online
  • Tobin, Gary A. and Sharon L. Sassler Jewish Perceptions of Antisemitism, New York: Plenum Press, c1988
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antisemitism_in_the_United_States&oldid=1262749584"