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President of Georgia

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President of Georgia
საქართველოს პრეზიდენტი
Presidential standard
Incumbent
Disputed between Salome Zourabichvili and Mikheil Kavelashvili[1]
since 29 December 2024
Office of the President of Georgia
Head of State of Georgia
TypeHead of state
Commander-in-chief
ResidenceOrbeliani Palace (since Nov 2018[2])
AppointerElectoral College
Term lengthFive years, renewable once
Constituting instrumentConstitution of Georgia
Inaugural holderZviad Gamsakhurdia
Formation14 April 1991
(33 years ago) (1991-04-14)
DeputyChairperson of the Parliament
Salary13,000 GEL
(€4,400) per month[3]
WebsiteOfficial website
Politics of Georgia
Constitution
Executive
Legislature
Judiciary
Local government
Administrative divisions
Election Administration
Foreign relations
Related topics
flag Georgia portal

The president of Georgia (Georgian: საქართველოს პრეზიდენტი, romanized: sakartvelos p'rezident'i) is the ceremonial head of state of Georgia as well as the commander-in-chief of the Defence Forces. The constitution defines the presidential office as "the guarantor of the country's unity and national independence."[4]

The president is largely a figurehead as in many parliamentary democracies. Executive power is vested in the Government and the prime minister. The office was first introduced by the Supreme Council of the Republic of Georgia on 14 April 1991, five days after Georgia's declaration of independence from the Soviet Union.[5] The president serves a five-year term.

As of 29 December 2024, the presidency is disputed between Salome Zourabichvili, who became President in 2018, and Mikheil Kavelashvili, who was elected by the country's parliament in December 2024 following contested election results.[6]

Qualifications

Any citizen of Georgia having the electoral right, who has attained the age of 35 and who has lived in Georgia for at least 15 years, may be elected President of Georgia.[7] The office cannot be held by a citizen of Georgia who is simultaneously the citizen of a foreign country.[8] The president of Georgia shall not be a member of a political party.[9]

Election

According to the 2018 version of Georgia's constitution, starting in 2024, the president will be elected for a five-year term by the 300-member Electoral College, consisting of all members of the Parliament of Georgia and of the supreme representative bodies of the autonomous republics of Abkhazia and Adjara, also members from the representative bodies of local-self-governments (municipalities). The same person may be elected President of Georgia only twice. No less than 30 members of the Electoral College shall have the right to nominate a candidate for the president of Georgia. The election of the president of Georgia is appointed by the Parliament for October.[10]

Impeachment

One third of the total number of the members of Parliament has the right to raise the question of impeachment of the president of Georgia. They can be considered impeached if the decision is supported by at least two thirds of the members of Parliament. The procedure of the impeachment of the president is constitutionally banned during a state of emergency or martial law.[11]

Constitutional powers and duties

1. The President of Georgia shall:

a) with the consent of the Government, exercise representative powers in foreign relations, negotiate with other states and international organisations, conclude international treaties, and accept the accreditation of ambassadors and other diplomatic representatives of other states and international organisations; upon nomination by the Government, appoint and dismiss ambassadors and other heads of diplomatic missions of Georgia;

b) conclude a constitutional agreement with the Apostolic Autocephalous Orthodox Church of Georgia on behalf of the state of Georgia;

c) call the elections of Parliament and local self-government bodies in accordance with the Constitution and the procedures established by the organic law;

d) upon nomination by the Government, appoint and dismiss the Commander of the Defence Forces of Georgia; appoint one member of the High Council of Justice; participate in the appointment of the chairperson and members of the Central Election Commission of Georgia in cases defined by the organic law and in accordance with the established procedure; upon nomination by the Government, submit to Parliament candidates for the membership of the national regulatory bodies;

e) decide on citizenship issues in accordance with the procedures established by the organic law;

f) pardon convicts;

g) in accordance with the procedures established by law, grant state awards and rewards; highest military ranks, special ranks and honorary titles; and highest diplomatic ranks;

h) be entitled, upon recommendation by the Government and with the consent of Parliament, to suspend the activity of a representative body of a territorial unit, or to dissolve such a body, if its activities threaten the sovereignty or territorial integrity of the country, or the exercise of constitutional powers by state bodies;

i) exercise other powers determined by the Constitution.[12]

2. The President of Georgia shall have the right to call a referendum on issues defined in the Constitution and law, at the request of the Parliament of Georgia, the Government of Georgia or no less than 200 000 voters, within 30 days after such a request is received. A referendum shall not be held in order to adopt or repeal a law, to grant amnesty or pardon, to ratify or denounce international treaties, or to decide issues that envisage the restriction of fundamental constitutional human rights. Issues related to calling and holding referendums shall be defined by the organic law.[12]

3. The President of Georgia shall have the right to address the people. The President shall annually submit a report on crucial state-related issues to Parliament.[12]

Oath

Prior to assuming office, on the third Sunday after the election day, the newly elected president of Georgia addresses the people and is required to take the following oath of office:

მე, საქართველოს პრეზიდენტი, ღვთისა და ერის წინაშე ვფიცავ, რომ დავიცავ საქართველოს კონსტიტუციას, ქვეყნის დამოუკიდებლობას, ერთიანობასა და განუყოფლობას, კეთილსინდისიერად აღვასრულებ პრეზიდენტის მოვალეობას, ვიზრუნებ ჩემი ქვეყნის მოქალაქეთა უსაფრთხოებისა და კეთილდღეობისათვის, ჩემი ხალხისა და მამულის აღორძინებისა და ძლევამოსილებისათვის.
I, the President of Georgia, do solemnly affirm before God and the nation that I will support and defend the Constitution of Georgia, the independence, unity and indivisibility of the country; that I will faithfully perform the duties of the President, will care for the security and welfare of the citizens of my country and for the revival and might of my nation and homeland.

Immunity

The president of Georgia enjoys immunity. No one shall have the right to detain or bring criminal proceedings against the president of Georgia while in office.[12] Security of the president of Georgia is provided by the Special State Protection Service.[13]

Standard

The standard is adapted from the national flag of Georgia, charged in the center with the Georgian coat of arms. Copies of the standard are used inside the president's office, at the Chancellery Building, other state agencies, and as a car flag on vehicles bearing the president within Georgian territory.[citation needed]

History of office

Orbeliani Palace is the official seat of the Georgian President.

After Georgia formally seceded from the Soviet Union on 9 April 1991, the Supreme Council voted, on 14 April, to create the post of executive president, and appointed Zviad Gamsakhurdia to the office pending the holding of direct elections.[14][15] In the nationwide elections to this post, on 26 May 1991, Gamsakhurdia won a landslide victory, becoming the first president of the Republic of Georgia. Gamsakhurdia was ousted in a military coup d'état on 6 January 1992. He continued to function as a president-in-exile until his death in a failed attempt to regain power on 31 December 1993.

In the post-coup absence of legitimate power, a position of the head of state was introduced for Georgia's new leader Eduard Shevardnadze on 10 March 1992. After the adoption of a new Constitution on 24 August 1995, the post of president was restored. Shevardnadze was elected to presidency on 5 November 1995, and reelected on 9 April 2000. He resigned under pressure of mass demonstrations known as Rose Revolution on 23 November 2003. After Nino Burjanadze's brief tenure as an acting president, Mikheil Saakashvili was elected on 4 January 2004. He did not serve his full first term, but voluntarily resigned to defuse tensions in the aftermath of the 2007 Georgian demonstrations and brought the presidential elections forward from the original date in autumn 2008. He was reelected on 5 January 2008. The president's executive powers were significantly curtailed in favor of the prime minister and the government in a series of amendments passed between 2013 and 2018. After the election of Giorgi Margvelashvili to presidency in October 2013, Georgia finalized its transition to a parliamentary republic. In November 2018, Salome Zourabichvili, became Georgia's first female president in permanent capacity and, according to the new constitution, the last president to be elected by a direct vote.[16]

2024 succession dispute

This section is an excerpt from 2024 Georgian constitutional crisis.[edit]
The 2024 Georgian constitutional crisis[17][18] started with a dispute about the legitimacy of the October 2024 Georgian parliamentary election, due to concerns about its conduct.[19] It continued with the self-convening of Parliament,[20] the election of a new president by Parliament,[21] and the 29 December 2024 inauguration of Mikheil Kavelashvili by the self-convened session of parliament.[22]

Succession and acting president

In the event of the president's resignation, death or impeachment the chairperson of Parliament will temporarily serve until a new president is appointed.[12] There were cases of this in Georgia in 2003 and 2007, in both cases, the president resigned prematurely and was replaced by the chairperson of parliament, before new elections were held. In both cases, the then-chairperson Nino Burjanadze became acting president; she was the only one in this position, and it can be said that she was also the first female president of the country. However, the first fully elected female president in Georgia was Salome Zourabichvili, who is still in this position.

Administration

Administration of the President of Georgia
Georgian: საქართველოს პრეზიდენტის ადმინისტრაცია
Logo of the Administration featuring Orbeliani Palace
Agency overview
FormedFebruary 14, 2004; 20 years ago (2004-02-14)
HeadquartersOrbeliani Palace, Tbilisi
Agency executive
Websitepresident.ge

Administration of the President of Georgia (Georgian: საქართველოს პრეზიდენტის ადმინისტრაცია, romanized: sakartvelos p'rezident'is administ'ratsia, sometimes translated as Presidential Administration of Georgia) is the body supporting and organizing the exercise of the powers defined by the Constitution of Georgia and other legislative acts for the President of Georgia. The Administration of the President of Georgia was established on February 14, 2004 by the Decree No.60 of the President of Georgia, Mikheil Saakashvili.[23] In its activities, the administration is guided by the Constitution of Georgia, the legislation of Georgia, the statute and other legal acts of the President of Georgia. The structure and rules of operation of the administration are determined by the President of Georgia.

List of officeholders

For leaders before independence, see List of leaders of Georgia (country).

Presidents

No. Name
(Birth–Death) 		Portrait Took office Left office Time in office Party Election
1 Zviad Gamsakhurdia
(1939–1993) 		14 April 1991 6 January 1992
(Deposed) 		267 days Round Table—Free Georgia 1991
The office of the president was vacant from January 6, 1992 to November 26, 1995.[a]
2 Eduard Shevardnadze
(1928–2014) 		26 November 1995 23 November 2003
(Forced to resign) 		7 years, 362 days Union of Citizens of Georgia 1995
2000
— Nino Burjanadze
(born 1964)
Acting 		23 November 2003 25 January 2004 63 days United National Movement –
3 Mikheil Saakashvili
(born 1967) 		25 January 2004 25 November 2007
(Resigned) 		3 years, 304 days United National Movement 2004
— Nino Burjanadze
(born 1964)
Acting 		25 November 2007 20 January 2008 56 days United National Movement –
(3) Mikheil Saakashvili
(born 1967) 		20 January 2008 17 November 2013 5 years, 301 days United National Movement 2008
4 Giorgi Margvelashvili
(born 1969) 		17 November 2013 16 December 2018 5 years, 29 days Georgian Dream 2013
5 Salome Zourabichvili
(born 1952) 		16 December 2018 29 December 2024 / Incumbent

(Disputed)

6 years, 14 days Independent[b] 2018
6 Mikheil Kavelashvili

(born 1971)

29 December 2024 Incumbent

(Disputed)

1 day People's Power[c] 2024

Chairman of the Supreme Council

No. Name
(Birth–Death) 		Portrait Took office Left office Time in office Party Legislature Election
1 Zviad Gamsakhurdia
(1939–1993) 		14 November 1990 14 April 1991 151 days Round Table—Free Georgia Supreme Council 1990

Interim heads of state (1992–1995)

No. Name
(Birth–Death) 		Portrait Took office Left office Time in office Party Title
— Jaba Ioseliani
(1926–2003) 		6 January 1992 10 March 1992 64 days Military Co-chairmen of the Military Council
Tengiz Kitovani
(1938–2023)
— Eduard Shevardnadze
(1928–2014) 		10 March 1992 4 November 1992 239 days Independent Chairman of the State Council
4 November 1992 6 November 1992 2 days Chairman of the Parliament
6 November 1992 26 November 1995 3 years, 20 days Head of State

President in dissidence (1993)

No. Name
(Birth–Death) 		Portrait Took office Left office Time in office Party
— Zviad Gamsakhurdia
(1939–1993)[d] 		24 September 1993 6 November 1993 43 days Round Table—Free Georgia
Notes
  1. ^ On December 22, 1991, parts of the military launched a coup d'état against the government and the president. On January 6, 1992, the government and the President were deposed and a Military Council, led by Tengiz Kitovani and Jaba Ioseliani, took power in Tbilisi. On March 10, 1992, the Military Council handed the power over to Eduard Shevardnadze, who served as acting head of state until November 26, 1995.
  2. ^ Georgian Dream campaigned for and endorsed the candidacy of Zourabichvili in the 2018 presidential election.
  3. ^ Georgian Dream nominated the candidacy of Kavelashvili in the 2024 presidential election.
  4. ^ During the Georgian Civil War, deposed former president Gamsakhurdia returned to Georgia in September 1993 and formed a rival government based in Zugdidi. This controlled part of western Georgia until its defeat at the hands of government forces in November.

Timeline

Mikheil KavelashviliSalome ZourabichviliGiorgi MargvelashviliMikheil SaakashviliNino BurjanadzeEduard ShevardnadzeZviad Gamsakhurdia

See also

References

  1. ^ Kavelashvili's election is contested by outgoing President Salome Zourabichvili, all large opposition parties, as well as numerous watchdogs and constitutional experts, who question the legitimacy of the 2024 Georgian parliamentary election that determined the composition of the electoral collage for the presidential election.
  2. ^ "Salome Zurabishvili to relocate Presidential Residence from Avlabari to Orbeliani Palace". Agenda.ge. 29 November 2018. Wikidata Q131584019. Archived from the original on 29 December 2024.
  3. ^ Changes to the Rule of Labor Remuneration in Public Institutions (PDF)
  4. ^ Article 49, Section 1–3 of the Constitution of Georgia (country) (2018)
  5. ^ (in Georgian and Russian) The Law of the Republic of Georgia on the Introduction of the Post of President of the Republic of Georgia Archived 20 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine. The Parliament of Georgia Archive. Accessed on 17 April 2011
  6. ^ Staff (29 December 2024). "Georgia's pro-west president says she remains the 'only legitimate president' as new leader sworn in". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 29 December 2024.
  7. ^ Article 25, Section 2 of the Constitution of Georgia (country) (2018)
  8. ^ Article 50, Section 2 of the Constitution of Georgia (country) (2018)
  9. ^ Article 51, Section 4 of the Constitution of Georgia (country) (2018)
  10. ^ Article 50, Section 1–6 of the Constitution of Georgia (country) (2018)
  11. ^ Article 48, Section 1, 3, 6 of the Constitution of Georgia (country) (2018)
  12. ^ a b c d e "საქართველოს კონსტიტუცია". სსიპ ”საქართველოს საკანონმდებლო მაცნე”.
  13. ^ History. Special State Protection Service of Georgia. Accessed on 24 April 2011
  14. ^ "Georgians create powerful presidency". The Pueblo Chieftain. 1991.
  15. ^ "Georgian parliament elects new president". Tampa Bay Times. 15 April 1991.
  16. ^ "Key Points of Newly Adopted Constitution". Civil Georgia. 27 September 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
  17. ^ "Key Stages In Crisis Threatening Georgia's EU Bid". Barron's. 20 December 2024. ISSN 1077-8039. Wikidata Q131582774. Archived from the original on 29 December 2024.
  18. ^ Thomas de Waal (31 October 2024), Georgia's Dangerous Moment Is a Challenge for the EU, Wikidata Q131582878, archived from the original on 29 December 2024
  19. ^ Georgia – Parliamentary elections – 26 October 2024 – ODIHR Election Observation Mission Final Report (PDF), Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, 20 December 2024, Wikidata Q131531638, archived (PDF) from the original on 21 December 2024
  20. ^ "President: Parliament Meeting Unconstitutional". Civil Georgia. 25 November 2024. Wikidata Q131573888. Archived from the original on 20 December 2024.
  21. ^ "'I Remain President,' Says Zurabishvili Urging Firmer Western Stance". Civil Georgia. 27 December 2024. Wikidata Q131573576. Archived from the original on 27 December 2024.
  22. ^ "Zourabichvili to leave Orbeliani Palace". OC Media. 29 December 2024. Wikidata Q131582642. Archived from the original on 29 December 2024.
  23. ^ "საქართველოს პრეზიდენტის ადმინისტრაციის შექმნის შესახებ". www.matsne.gov.ge. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
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