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Shaheed (Arabic: شهيد, romanized: Shahīd [ʃahiːd], fem. شهيدة [ʃahiːdah], pl. شُهَدَاء [ʃuhadaː]) is an Arabic word for martyr,[1] that has been adopted as a loanword in a wide variety of languages and cultures.[1] The word usually retains a similar or broader meaning,[1] but has been recently adopted in Modern Hebrew and Israeli English (Hebrew: שהיד, romanized: Shahid, a loanword from Palestinian Arabic) with a different meaning. According to Haaretz the word "Shahid" has become "synonymous" with "terrorist" among Hebrew speakers in Israel.[2] The Arabic word is used frequently in the Quran in to mean "witness" but only once in the sense of "martyr" (i.e. one who dies for his faith); the association with Martyrdom acquires wider usage in the hadith.[3][4] The first martyr for Islam was a woman; a Divine, unparalleled, universal and eternal honor. The term's usage is also borrowed by non-Muslim communities where persianate Islamic empires held cultural influence, such as amongst Hindus and Sikhs in India. The word is controversially sometimes used as a posthumous title for those who are considered to have accepted or even consciously sought out their own death in order to bear witness to their beliefs.[5] Like the English-language word martyr, in the 20th century, the word shaheed came to have both religious and non-religious connotations, and has often been used to describe those who died for non-religious ideological causes.[6][7]
Etymology
[edit]In Arabic, the word shahid means "witness". Its development closely parallels that of the Greek word martys (μάρτυς, lit. 'witness'; also "martyr" in the New Testament), the origin of the term martyr.[citation needed]
Women
[edit]A woman is considered "shahida" (شَهِيدَة šahīdah) if she dies during the fulfillment of a religious commandment. A woman can also be considered a martyr if she dies during childbirth.[8] There are examples of women fighting in war such as Nusaybah bint Ka'ab. The first martyr (male or female) in Islam was Sumayyah bint Khayyat, who was executed for her conversion to Islam. After stabbing her abdomen, Abu Jahl, an anti-Muslim leader of the Quraysh, asked her to renounce her Muslim faith, to which she replied by spitting at him and calling him lower than an insect she'd crush under her feet. She died after Abu Jahl physically tortured her by stabbing her while she was tied to the ground.[9] Though her name is not common in the modern Muslim dialogue, ancient Islamic literature makes note of the events at the end of her life.[10] "Shahidka" is a Chechen word for female Islamist suicide bombers.[citation needed]
History
[edit]In the course of the eighteenth century, there were several wars of independence within the colonial territories of the Muslim World. Many of the soldiers who died during these conflicts were given the title shaheed upon their burial.[11]
Semetic languages
[edit]Palestinian Arabic
[edit]In modern political usage, various Palestinian groups consider all Palestinians killed in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict to be martyrs for the cause, whether they be civilians or fighters.[12] Militant groups such as Hamas and the Palestinian Islamic Jihad consider martyrdom as the highest form of sacrifice for the Palestinian cause.[13][14][additional citation(s) needed]
Palestinian militant groups
[edit]Indo-European languages
[edit]
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Martyrdom in colonial British India
[edit]Shaheed Bhagat Singh
[edit]Martyrdom in Pakistan
[edit]Pakistan People's Party
[edit]
Shaheed Benazir Bhutto
[edit]Benazir Bhutto, former Prime Minister of Pakistan and leader of the Pakistan People's Party (PPP), was assassinated in a terrorist attack on 27 December 2007.[15][18][19] Benazir and 23 other people were killed by a gunshots and a suicide bomber.[16] Following this, many schools and universities were named in honour of her martyrdom:
- Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University
- Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Shaheed Medical College
- Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical University
- Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Medical College
- Shaheed Benazir Bhutto City University in Karachi, Sindh
- Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Dewan University in Karachi, Sindh
- Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University (Shaheed Benazirabad) in Nawabshah, Sindh
- Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences in Sakrand, Sindh
- Benazir Bhutto Shaheed University (Karachi) in Karachi, Sindh
- Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University (Sheringal) in Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
- Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University (previously known as the Frontier Women University, in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa)
Pakistan Peoples Party (Shaheed Bhutto)
[edit]The Pakistan Peoples Party (Shaheed Bhutto), abbreviated PPP-SB, was one of three breakaway factions of the Pakistan Peoples Party.[20][21] The party is currently headed by Ghinwa Bhutto, the widow of Murtaza Bhutto.[22][23]
Bangladesh
[edit]Martyrs and martyrdom in Iran
[edit]Shahid Beheshti
[edit]Iranian drones
[edit]In Bosnia and Herzegovina
[edit]Bosnians who died during the Bosnian War and the Bosnian genocide are considered martyrs by many due to them being killed for being Muslim.[citation needed]
In China
[edit]The Muslim General Ma Fuxiang stated on how Chinese Muslims were willing to die to accomplish tasks assigned to them.[24] Imams sponsored by the Kuomintang called for Muslims to go on Jihad to become martyrs in battle, where Muslims believe they will go automatically to heaven. Becoming a shaheed in the Jihad for the country was encouraged by the Kuomintang, which was called "glorious death for the state" and a hadith promoting nationalism was spread.[25] A song written by Xue Wenbo at the Muslim Chengda school, which was controlled by the Kuomintang, called for martyrdom in battle for China against Japan.[26] The Muslim General Bai Chongxi himself was a member of a Dare to Die corps in the Xinhai revolution.[27] Some activists have referred to victims of the Uyghur genocide in China as martyrs.[citation needed]
Religions and ideologies
[edit]Similar concepts, and sometimes words with the same etymology, exist in many other religions and Secular ideologies:
Russian revolution
[edit]The first suicide bomber was possibly a Russian revolutionary in 1881.[28]
Christians
[edit]Arab Christians used the word Shaheed, which also means witness, before Islam, as it literally means those who saw Christ, and was [[Christ
- ^ a b c Khalid Zaheer (November 22, 2013). "Definition of a shaheed". Dawn. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
- ^ Zbeedat, Nagham (23 June 2024). "Explained: What 'shahid' or 'martyr' means for Palestinians and Israelis". Haaretz.com.
Since the Palestinian suicide bombings of the 1990s, for Hebrew speakers in Israel, the word 'shahid' has been synonymous with 'terrorist'.
- ^ "The word shahid (plural shahada) has the meaning of "martyr" and is closely related in its development to the Greek martyrios in that it means both a witness and a martyr [...] in the latter sense only once is it attested (3:141)." David Cook, Oxford Bibliographies Archived 2015-11-01 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, μάρτυ^ς". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Archived from the original on 2020-08-02. Retrieved 2021-02-21.
- ^ Gölz, "Martyrdom and the Struggle for Power. Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Martyrdom in the Modern Middle East". (Archived 2019-05-17 at the Wayback Machine), Behemoth 12, no. 1 (2019): 2–13, 5.
- ^ Habib, Sandy (2017). "Dying for a Cause Other Than God: Exploring the Non-religious Meanings of Martyr and Shahīd". Australian Journal of Linguistics. 37 (3): 314–327. doi:10.1080/07268602.2017.1298395. S2CID 171788891.
- ^ Gölz, Olmo. "Martyrdom and the Struggle for Power: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Martyrdom in the Modern Middle East (Editorial)". (Archived 2019-05-17 at the Wayback Machine), Behemoth 12, no. 1 (2019): 2–13, 11.
- ^ Lumbard, Joseph E.B. (2004) Islam, Fundamentalism, and the Betrayal of Tradition. World Wisdom Publishing, ISBN 0941532607 (30)
- ^ Cook, David (2007). Martyrdom in Islam. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521615518.
- ^ Cook, David (2007). Martyrdom in Islam. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521615518. p. 14.
- ^ "Martyrdom". In The Islamic World: Past and Present. Ed. John L. Esposito. Oxford Islamic Studies Online. 5 December 2012.
- ^ Abdulrahim, Raja; Yazbek, Hiba (31 December 2022). "For Palestinians, a Rush to Claim 'Martyrs' Killed by Israel". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 28 October 2023. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
- ^ Hatina, M. (2005). Theology and power in the Middle East: Palestinian martyrdom in a comparative perspective. Journal of Political Ideologies, 10(3), 241–267. doi:10.1080/13569310500244289
- ^ Meir Litvak (2010) “Martyrdom is Life”: Jihad and Martyrdom in the Ideology of Hamas, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 33:8, 716-734, DOI: 10.1080/1057610X.2010.494170
- ^ a b "Bhutto 'wounded in suicide blast'". BBC News. 27 December 2007. Archived from the original on 30 December 2007. Retrieved 27 December 2007.
- ^ a b "Bhutto exhumation OK, Pakistan official says". CNN. 29 December 2007. Archived from the original on 29 February 2008. Retrieved 1 March 2008.
- ^ Matthew Moore; Emma Henry (28 December 2007). "Benazir Bhutto killed in gun and bomb attack". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 30 December 2007. Retrieved 27 December 2007.
- ^ "Pakistan's Former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto Assassinated". VOA News. Voice of America. 27 December 2007. Archived from the original on 25 July 2008. Retrieved 27 December 2008.
- ^ "Benazir Bhutto killed in attack". BBC News. 27 December 2007. Archived from the original on 28 December 2007. Retrieved 27 December 2007.
- ^ "The Homicide of PPP". Daily Times. 2024-01-06. Retrieved 2024-01-15.
- ^ "Mir Murtaza Bhutto remembered on 20th death anniversary". www.geo.tv. Retrieved 2024-01-15.
- ^ "On 20th anniversary, reopening of Murtaza assassination case demanded". DAWN.COM. 2016-09-21. Retrieved 2024-01-15.
- ^ "Ghinwa says Bilawal has encircled himself with thieves and criminals". DAWN.COM. 2019-04-05. Retrieved 2024-01-15.
- ^ Upton Close (2007). In the Land of the Laughing Buddha – The Adventures of an American Barbarian in China. READ BOOKS. p. 271. ISBN 978-1-4067-1675-7. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
- ^ Stéphane A. Dudoignon; Hisao Komatsu; Yasushi Kosugi (2006). Intellectuals in the modern Islamic world: transmission, transformation, communication. Taylor & Francis. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-415-36835-3. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
- ^ Stéphane A. Dudoignon; Hisao Komatsu; Yasushi Kosugi (2006). Intellectuals in the modern Islamic world: transmission, transformation, communication. Taylor & Francis. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-415-36835-3. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
- ^ Howard L. Boorman; Richard C. Howard; Joseph K.H. Cheng (1979). Biographical dictionary of Republican China, Volume 3. New York City: Columbia University Press. pp. 51–56. ISBN 0-231-08957-0.
- ^ "A Fact Sheet form the Worldwide Incidents T" (PDF). www.fbiic.gov.