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Vodyanoy

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"Vodník" redirects here. For other uses, see Vodnik (disambiguation).
Vodyanoy by Ivan Bilibin, 1934

In Slavic mythology, vodyanoy (Russian: водяной, IPA: [vədʲɪˈnoj]; lit. '[he] from the water' or 'watery') is a water spirit. In Czech and Slovak fairy tales, he is called vodník (or in Germanized form: Hastrman), and often referred to as Wassermann in German sources.[a] In Ukrainian fairy tales, he is called “водяник“ (vodyanyk).

He may appear to be a naked man with a pot belly (and bald-headed) wearing a hat and belt of reeds and rushes, conflicting with other accounts ascribing him green hair and a long green beard. The varying look has been attributed in commentary to his shape-shifting ability. When angered, the vodyanoy breaks dams, washes down water mills, and drowns people and animals. Consequently, fishermen, millers, and also bee-keepers make sacrifices to appease him. The vodyanoy would sometimes drag people down to his underwater dwelling to serve him as slaves.

The vodník in Czechia or Slovakia were said to use colored ribbons (sometimes impersonating peddlers, but also tying them to grass, etc., as lures in the landscape) to attract humans near water in order to snatch them.

Russia

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In Russia, the vodyanoy is sometimes called the dedushka vodyanoy[b] (Дѣдушка-водяной, "Water-Grandfather") or vodyanik (водяник).[3][4]

Habitat

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He is said to dwell in a slough (омут), kettle hole (Котловина), or a whirlpool of a river, pond or lake, and liked especially to live near a watermill. One that dwells in marshlands may be called a bolotnyanik (Болотняник).[3]

Appearance

[edit]
V. Malyshev. Vodyanoy, 1910

His usual appearance is that of a naked old man with a fat paunch of a belly and swollen face according to the Russian folklore collector,[5] but a later English commentary using similar phraseology insisted the creature was not nude but bald, and concatenates additional commentary from the Russian source which says he is seen naked but covered in slime(тина), wearing a high boyar hat [ru]) made of green "club-rush" (or other sedges)[c] and a green belt of that same "grass".[6][7]

He is also described as an old man with green hair and (long[8]) green beard[10][11] The green beard turns white with when the moon wanes, as the immortal Vodyanoy ages or rejuvenates with the phases of the moon.[11]

Or, rather than wearing plant-based clothing, a different source states he is covered in weeds and slime, and scaly-skinned in his true form.[8] Or rather a figure of giant stature covered in grass and moss.[11] Or be "quite black with enormous red eyes and a nose as long as a fisherman's boot".[11][2] Or that he is human-faced, but has huge toes, paws instead of hands, long horns, a tail, and eyes that burn like red-hot coals.[11][12]

He has the capability of shape-shifting.[4][8][11] and this has been suggested as an explanation of its varied descriptions.[2] He may crawl out of water in the dark of the night and comb his (green) hair on shore,[13][4] but he can also appear in the form of a naked woman combing her hair.[11] He may be heard all along the shore while he is slapping the water with his palm (ладонь, or paw[11] ) on moonlit nights.[13]

He can appear as a giant moss-covered fish,[11] a log[8] or even a flying tree-trunk with small-wings, skimming over the water's surface.[11]

Offering and boon

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Since he tampers with the waterwheel, the dikes, or control of water if he is not pleased, an operator of a mill must know how to have a good relationship with him. When a watermill is built, a sacrifice of pig, cattle, sheep, or even human (or a chicken) must be made to appease the vodyanik. There are reported cases of watermills destroyed by him (at Lake Ilmen for instance), and may drown a person as forewarned.[14][4]

The fisherman can also benefit from the boon of the vodyanoy, receiving a bountiful harvest in their fishing nets.[d] He may receive this reward after returning a child which was accidentally netted.[15][8] The fishermen offer sacred libation, especially melted butter or oil (масло) into the river.[4][14][16]

There seems to have been a cult recognizing vodyanoy as a patron saint of bee-keeping, as evidenced by the old custom of bagging the first swarm of bees and sacrificing it in water. And the bee-keeper wishing for a bounty of honey would choose the midnight hour of the feast days of Saints Zosimus and Sabbatius and dip a honeycomb into the water by the mill, while pronouncing an incantation.[17]

He will also foretell the coming harvest. He comes into the village disguised as human, but the edge of his coat (балахон) will be visibly wet, and gives himself away. If he buys corn (grain) at a high price it forewarns spike in market price, i.e., crop failure. But if he buys at low price, the bread will remain cheap.[17]

Mount

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The vodyanik "owns" all the fish and aquatic creatures, and his control over them explains his ability to deliver fish. The vodyanik selects in particular the sheatfish (сом; Silurus glanis, aka "wels catfish") as his mount to ride on.[18][4] But he will catch the farmers' cattle or horses (in water) and ride them till they drop dead in the wetlands.[18][4] The farmer fording his livestock will make a sign of cross (emblem of Perun's weapon) over the river as protection from this happening.[18]

Attacks on humans

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The vodyanoy also posed risk of attacking people entering bodies of water, hence popular belief was to make the sign of the cross before swimming or bathing in such waters.[8] An anecdote tells about a hunter trying to retrieve his duck, and the attack left the creature's finger-marks on his neck.[18] In Ukraine, children were instructed to chant a certain rhyme before going bathing/swimming.[e][19]

Family

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He is known to take on a wife (or wives), and espouses "water-nymphs[f][g] or drowned and unhappy girls who have been cursed by their fathers or mothers".[21][4] According to Afanasyev, the "water-nymph" ("water-maiden") is known by various names in Russia, including the rusalka.[h][21][4]

It is believed that vodyanoys have a ruler: the Tsar Vodyanik, or the Vodyan Tsar. He is described as an old man armed with a club, who can rise to the sky sitting on a black cloud and create new rivers and lakes.[22]

Other folklores

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Typical projection of vodník in Czech or Slovak folklore

The Russian vodyanoy answers to Czech (and Slovak) vodník,[i] Slovene vodeni mož ("water-man"), and Polish topielec ("Drowner").[4]

These water demons of West and South Slavic lore are similar to the East Slavic (Russian, Ukrainian, etc.) conception, though there are certain differences. The Czech and Slovak vodníci (plural of vodník) can also take on an appearance of ordinary humans, but often with water dripping from their clothing, which makes their false identity easily discernable.[25] But their version says the demon, sometimes impersonating peddlers, use colored ribbons to lure humans.[26][29] Some accounts give them green color,[30] and also long hair or beard in Slovak versions.[31] There is an isolated Czech example of the water-demon being human-like but transforming into frog,[32] but the water-demon's wife being froglike is commonplace. A widely known tale type of vodník or wife hiring a woman as godmother or housekeeper tale is found in Czech[33] and Slovak versions.[35][36]

Czech, Slovenian and Slovak tales have both evil and good watermen (relative to human beings) who do (or don't, respectively) try to drown people when they happen to swim in their territory. Vodníci would store the souls of the drowned inside pots,[37][24] and the liberated souls can ascend to heaven, or even revive.[38][39]

Except for fish (or perhaps fish spirits), they do not have servants. Otherwise, vodníci spend their time running their territory or – in their spare time – playing cards, smoking pipes or just sitting at the water surface (on rocks or willows nearby) and loitering. Fishermen ask the vodník for help by placing a pinch of tobacco in the water and saying, "Here's your tobacco, Lord Vodník, now give me a fish."[citation needed]

Czech

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Vodník
―Illustr. Mikoláš Aleš (1921)

The Bohemian male water demon came to be called vodník or Hastermann, but their ancient names have not been found in older sources.[40] It dwells in every river, stream, or pond. Though several may share a body of water, they keep themselves apart since they are antagonistic towards each other.[41] Sometimes the vodník enters into a loving relationship with a human woman, and will live together with the family he has formed, but otherwise the bachelors are solitary.[37] Those in the pond are considered more feral, living amongst the reeds, but those in the river are believed to live in crystal palaces in a whole expansive world found underwater, where they keep the souls of the drowned dead, inside pots.[42]

There are also a tale and a legend concerning the hastermann or vodnik living near mills.[43][44]

Physical description

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Czech vodník statue
—at Peklo [cs] on the outskirts north of Nové Město nad Metují and Jestřebí, Náchod District in the northern Czech Republic. By Josef Marek [cs] (1960)[45]

The net-casting vodník (cf. § Man-snatching below) is described as a green man, and comes out of the water combing his green hair on a day he does not hunt drowning victims.[37] But in several accounts he manifests himself as an ordinary human being (cf. § As frogs), or the peddler by the pond north of Přeštice, wearing a dripping wet coat.[23] He is known as the "green man" at the market, appearing like an ordinary man wearing a green coat, with the left coat-tip (šos) always wet, and also missing the thumb on his left hand. The merchants welcome him because when he makes purchases, business does well.[46]

Man-snatching

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The vodník lures people into the water to drown them, and those who bathe after hours are especially vulnerable, but he can only drown those who were fated to die that way.[37] Fishermen were afraid of saving a drowning man from the clutches of a vodník, because they would come in a bad way and wind up being drowned themselves.[47][48]

In one version the water demon spans a fine invisible net across the river to trap people. But he sits in the grass mending his nets on Friday, his day off from man-snatching.[37]

The peddler vodník displays some sort of trinkets hanging on a rack in order to lure his prey into water.[23] Most especially the peddler (kramář) vodník uses the colorful ribbon (Czech: stuha, pl. stuhy; pentle or its dim. pentlička[49][j] to lure humans, according to numerous accounts.[51][52] In Podskalí [cs] Quarter of Prague, the vodník was seen on a raft (vor, pl. locative vorách) in the evenings, and he hangs a red ribbons over the water to lure children and drag them down.[54] A vodník in the guise of a red-haired man wearing green peddled green ribbons to a village woman, but the goods turned into grass when she returned home.[56]

The vodník or hastrmann maintains a collection of captured souls inside pots in his underwater palace or mansion, as in the tale localized in Moldautein (Týn nad Vltavou), here specified as "earthenware" (German: irdenen) pots also filled with water. Here a poor day-laborer woman's eldest daughter becomes the Hastermann's servant, and when she sweeps, the dust she collects is gold. She liberates a soul from a noisy jar, which turns out to be her brother. She is forgiven, but after serving many years, homesickness hardens her decision to flee, and she frees all the souls on departure. The hastrmann pursues but she returns home to her siblings.[34][k]

As frogs

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In a Bohemian version of the butcher tale,[l] a man from Předměřice was really a vodník, regularly shopping from a butcher at Tuřice, but the out-of-town man's habit of pointing the finger at the piece of meat he wanted annoyed the butcher into cutting a finger off one day. But two days later, he was taking the valley path along the Iser (Jizera) and encountered a huge frog which the curious butcher, but it turned into the client he maimed and dragged the butcher into water.[59]

Matěj Mikšíček [cz] recorded a tale about the pregnant wife of a vodník (vodníkova žena) in frog form, which compelled a housekeeper named Liduška to be its child's godmother, though this tale type has been discussed elsewhere as a widely disseminated piece of Slovak folklore (see § Frog wives under §Slovakia). In this Moravian version (but recorded in Bohemian dialect[?]), the vodník returns from his absence in the guise of a red ribbon (červené mašle),[m] attempting to lure and snatch Liduška, just as he is wont to do with girls with rakes haymaking on meadows by the river.[39][33]

But in Jungbunzlau (Mladá Boleslav) it was rumored the water demon maintained two castles on the Iser (Jizera), one by the mill, and other by the brickhouse. At mill was seen a vodník who was completely green, and covered with filamentous green algae;[n] at the other abode was seen the vodník's wife, half maiden, half fish.[60]

Slovakia

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In Slovakia, the same water demon may be called vodný chlap meaning "water guy" or "waterman".[53] The water spirit may also be called a molek[48] (var. molok [63]). There is a story of a localized in a lake in the forest of Dolný Kubín in Orava, where a peasant encounters a waterman (from a lake in Kriváň (village)) pursuing another waterman who stole his wife, guiding him to the lake of the perpetrator. The peasant watches as an underwater fight ensues, culminating in bubbling froth turning red, signaling a bad outcome, and the peasant flees as forewarned.[64][31]

Slovakian folklore also speak of the vodník's pot (vodníkove hrnce), attested in the former Trencsén County (now Trenčín Region or District), and anecdotally, in the northwestern village of Boky [sk] (now attached to Budča) a stream was home to a vodný ("aquatic" man) who purchased pots to trap souls inside.[24]

Appearances

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Also according to Boky lore, the vodník had a long beard, and would be naked one moment, then be wearing a blouse (halena) dripping water from its side.[65] Some say a vodník can be identified because the left side of his coat (kabát) is always dripping wet.[66] Some ascribe long flowing hair,[67] or blazing eyes as large as dishes (tanier).[68] It allegedly appeared out of the stream in the form of a "little green boy", according to one witness.[69]

The boatmen on the Váh claim to have witnessed the vodník looking like a man with the head of a black ram, though another that was spotted had green hair and clothing.[70]

The vodník are said to employ ribbons to lure humans (as in Czech regions), according to lore found in the Bratislava area and Nitra in western Slovakia.[71][72]

Frog wives

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The wife of a vodník (vodníkova žena) is said to have the appearance of a frog. There is an anecdote of one that transformed into a frog and went to the home of the plowman (oráč) where it was feasted, then entertained him in her own abode.[73] In a more intricate but widespread tale, the froglike being with a swollen belly is met by a woman washing in the river Hron, who offers to be the godmother of the unborn child. A servant (drowned man) arrives with news a girl was born, and conveys the godmother to the vodník's home, hidden under the stairs beneath river boulder, which the man splits open with a magic wand. The vodník's wife instructs the woman to sweep and take home the sweepings (which later turn out to be gold and silver), but not to touch the covered pots.[o] The godmother disobeys and overturns a pot revealing a soul had been captured inside. Then in a double pot she finds the soul of her two drowned children, who tells her they were thus captured by the vodník and could not ascend to heaven. She takes her children's souls in the pot and makes an escape; thereafter, the river throws up the children's bodies, and they breathe back to life.[74]

This tale type is classed as ATU subtype[p] 476* "In the Frog House", where the type example is a Hungarian folktale, which was incorrectly given as the only variant in the original 1961 publication of the index, but later revised[75] with the listing of Bulgarian and Polish cognate tales, and Slovene and other comparisons as well.[76][77]

Companion spirits

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Bolotnik

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Main article: Bolotnik

Bolotnik (Russian: болотник) is the owner of the swamp. He is often considered a relative of the vodyanoy and the leshy. There are many descriptions of him, but most often he was imagined as an old man with long green beard and his body covered in fish scales and algae. The bolotnik is dangerous, and he would pose an especially huge threat to those who play shepherd's pipe at night. In order to lure the person to the swamp, he would parody the sounds of various animals, create wandering lights and grow intoxicating plants. This spirit is often said to be a loner, although in some beliefs he has a wife, a bolotnitsa.[78]

Vodyanitsa

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Vodyanitsa (Russian: водяница) is a beautiful green-haired water maiden, and she is often said to be the wife of a vodyanoy. This spirit sometimes appears in the form of a golden-finned fish or a white swan. Vodyanitsy (plural: Russian: водяницы) prefer forested lakes, mill ponds, wells and (less commonly) seas as their habitat. They are considered harmless spirits, although sometimes they tear the nets and spoil the millstones; the sea vodyanitsy are more aggressive than freshwater ones and are dangerous to ships. According to some beliefs, the main difference between the vodyanitsa and other water spirits is that she is a baptized drowned girl.[79] The term is often used synonymously for rusalka.[80]

Cultural references

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  • The first Slovene ballad, written in 1826 by the Slovene national poet France Prešeren, was titled "The Water Man" (Povodni mož). It is about Urška, a flirt from Ljubljana, who ended up in the hands of a handsome man who turned out to be a vodyanoy. The poem is based on a story from The Glory of Carniola, about a dance at Old Square in Ljubljana in July 1547, when Urška Šefer was enchanted by a vodyanoy and tugged to the Ljubljanica.[81]
  • Composer Antonín Dvořák wrote a symphonic poem entitled Vodník (1896) about this creature, who is also a character in his opera Rusalka.
  • Karel Jaromír Erben's poem "Vodník" is the ninth poem of his Kytice collection, and inspired Dvořák to compose the above-mentioned symphonic poem.
  • The 1974 Czechoslovak comedy film about the end of vodníks in Bohemia, How to Drown Dr. Mracek, the Lawyer (Jak utopit dr. Mráčka aneb Konec vodníků v Čechách).
  • David Wiltshire's novel Child of Vodyanoi (1978, adapted into the TV series The Nightmare Man) used the water spirit as a metaphor for a miniature Russian submarine.
  • Vodyanoy is one of the best known characters of the Soviet cartoons. In the Soviet animated film The Flying Ship (1979), he sings about his loneliness and need to talk with someone.
  • A vodyanoi named Hwiuur features in C. J. Cherryh's Russian novel trilogy, Rusalka (1989), Chernevog (1990), and Yvgenie (1991).
  • In China Miéville's Bas-Lag novels, the Vodyanoi are an aquatic people skilled in water-based magic. In Miéville's Perdido Street Station (2000), Vodyanoi dockworkers go on strike and use their magic to blockade a river shipping route.
  • An aging vodnik is the main character of the novel Hastrman by Czech writer Miloš Urban published in 2001. The novel won the Magnesia Litera prize for literature in 2002. A Czech film based on the first part of the novel was produced in 2018.
  • Vodnik is the main character in the 2013 thriller Croaker, written and directed by Pittsburgh area filmmaker Fred Terling.[82]
  • A Vodyanoy features early in Larry Correia's 2017 novel Monster Hunter Siege.
  • A Vodník appeared as an antagonist in episode 3 of the animated Netflix series Legend Quest, where it terrorized a village by stealing the souls of children.
  • A Vodyanoy is a spirit partner to a Russian shaman named Zria Gagarik in the manga and anime series Shaman King.
  • The Ghosts of Rose Hill features a vodnik named Rudolf Wasserman as its primary antagonist.

In games

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  • The Vodyanoi appears as a monster in Dungeons & Dragons.[83] It is described as a variety of Umber hulk.
  • The Witcher video game (2007) portrays a race of water creatures called the vodyanoi, also known as the Fishpeople. Drowners are also referred to as Vodniks.
  • Vodyanoy appears as a playable dragon in the 2018 Nintendo game Dragalia Lost.
  • A Water-attribute monster called the Vodianoi appears in the 2003 FromSoftware game Lost Kingdoms II.
  • A ship called Vodianoy entered Call of Duty: Warzone at the start of Season 2, bringing zombies to Warzone once more, and potentially hinting at the oncoming destruction of Gora Dam.
  • Vodyanoi are depicted as small winged frog monsters in Lionheart: Legacy of the Crusader. They are commonly found near the coast and rivers.

See also

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Explanatory notes

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  1. ^ Or Nix, Nixe, Nickel, in certain areas, e.g., Sorbian Lusatia.[1]
  2. ^ The transliteration has been modified from Machal's děduška vodyanoy, in Czech script, to a regular English transliteration, found elsewhere.[2]
  3. ^ Afanasyev's text identifies the plant as куга here, defined as aquatic plants of the sedge family, particularly камыш, or Scirpus spp., with common names "club-rush" or "bulrush", though the latter applies to several other species. Sedges are not a "true grass", to be botanically correct here.
  4. ^ Máchal:" When in good humour, he drives the fish into the fisherman's net"; Afanasyev: "счастливый улов (happy catch)".
  5. ^ "Чортокъ, чортокъ! / Не ломай кистòкъ;", etc., where chortok seems to be an appellation (for a demon).
  6. ^ Russian: водяной дѣвка (девка), [singular] 'water-maiden'.
  7. ^ Máchal does not give the Russian forms for his "water-nymphs", and in a later passage glosses "water-nymphs" in Czech as vodní panny but this is literally 'water maiden' also (cf. Czech panna) However, a different author (of Finnish mythology) in volume 4 of the same series, recognizes the voydynoy's water-nymph as rusalka.[20]
  8. ^ Afanasyev lists the names of the female water sprites as the moryana моряна, the vodyanitsa Водяница, Polish: lawodny žony, Macedonian/Bulgarian[?]: Dunavka дунавка, and rusalka русалка.
  9. ^ Also in Czech forms vodní muž "water-man" and diminutive vodní mužiček; Slovak vodný muž[1]
  10. ^ stužka, diminutive of stuha occurs in Slovak tales of tale with the butcher (Slovak: mäsiar).[50] And in the Liduška story, the Czech: mašle[39] signifies "ribbon" (cog. German Masche), though translated as "flower".[33]
  11. ^ Compare basic plotline with godmother Liduška story below,[33] and the Grimms' "Der Wassermann und der Bauer", listed as a German Bohemian tale, taken down orally.[57][58]
  12. ^ There is a similarly plotted Slovak tale ("Vodník u mäsiara"), except there is no frog metamorphosis that occurs, and the butcher meets his doom being pushed into a water tank during the rain.[50]
  13. ^ Though renderd as "red flower" by the English translator.
  14. ^ German text Wasserfänden lit. "water-threads", glossed as Conferva sp. of algae.
  15. ^ pl. hrnce, of hrnec.
  16. ^ Subtype of ATU 476 "Coal Turns into Gold"

References

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Citations

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  1. ^ a b Černý (1898), pp. 264–265.
  2. ^ a b c d Kmietowicz, Frank A. (1982). Slavic Mythical Beliefs. Windsor, Ontario: F. Kmietowicz. p. 205.
  3. ^ a b Afanasyev (1868), 2: 236.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Máchal, Jan Hanuš [in Czech] (2018). "Chapter IX. Water-Spirits". The Mythology of All Races (vol. 3, Slavic) . Boston: Marshall Jones. pp. 270–271 – via Wikisource.
  5. ^ Afanasyev (1868), 2: 241, in Poėtičeskie vozzrenija Slavjan na prirodu [ru] ('The Poetic Outlook of Slavs about Nature'): "голымъ старикомъ, съ большимъ одутловатымъ брюхомъ и опухшимъ лицомъ" where wikt:голый is glossed as "naked, nude, bare".
  6. ^ Afanasyev (1868), 2: 243–244 citing Иллюстрация, 1845, p. 298
  7. ^ Máchal: "bald-headed old man with fat belly and puffy cheeks", wearing "a high cap of reeds on his head, and a belt of rushes round his waist".[4]　A "reed" usually refers to a true grass, while a "rush" something the "rush" plant family, though "bulrush" refers to various sedge family plants.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Dixon-Kennedy, Mike (1998). "Vodianoi (~nik) Russia". Encyclopedia of Russian and Slavic Myth and Legend. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 304–305. ISBN 9781576070635.
  9. ^ Afanasyev (1868), 2: 244.
  10. ^ Afanasyev's makes (evidently his own) observation on green hair and beard (озеленыхъ волосахъ и бородѣ[9] Máchal combines description of combing (non color-specified) hair with this latter commentary.[4]
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Guirand, Félix (1986) [1959]. New Larousse encyclopedia of mythology. In collaboration with Grigory Aleksinsky. Translated by Aldington, Richard; Ames, Delano. New York: Crescent Books. p. 292.
  12. ^ Kmietowicz embellishes as "fish's tail".[2]
  13. ^ a b Afanasyev (1868), 2: 242–243 citing О. З. 1848, IV, смѣсь, 145-6; Ѵ, 24 and other sources.
  14. ^ a b Afanasyev (1868), 2: 237.
  15. ^ Afanasyev (1868), 2: 240, with note 3) citing "О. З." abbrev. for Отечественныя записки (Otechestvennye Zapiski) 1848, IV 145
  16. ^ Kravchenko (1987), p. 51, n205.
  17. ^ a b Afanasyev (1868), 2: 238.
  18. ^ a b c d Afanasyev (1868), 2: 241.
  19. ^ Afanasyev (1868), 2: 241–242.
  20. ^ Holmberg, Uno (1927) The Mythology of All Races 4: 193
  21. ^ a b Afanasyev (1868), 2: 239.
  22. ^ Levkievskaya, Elena (2000). Myths of the Russian Folk. Astrel. p. 342. ISBN 5-271-00676-X.
  23. ^ a b c Informant: J. Gruber aus Merklin (Merklín), Grohmann (1863), p. 150 The tale states starting from Merklín the pond is in the area around Přeštice, i.e., north of it.
  24. ^ a b c Polívka (1931), p. 171.
  25. ^ Grohmann[23] and Polívka[24] See §Czech under § Physical description and §Slovakia under § Appearances.
  26. ^ Polívka (1921), pp. 312–313, See §Czech under § Man-snatching and §Slovakia under § Appearances
  27. ^ Afanasyev (1868), 2: 243.
  28. ^ Grohmann (1863), p. 154.
  29. ^ Afanasyev also notes the ribbon, citing Grohman (in Russian translation[?]),[27] cf. German version/[28]
  30. ^ "Der Wassermann als Saft [Water demon as nectar]", evidently in the sense of being a sugar daddy for a mother's enrichment, and "Der Wassermann und seine Frau [~and his wife]", Grohmann (1863), pp. 156–157
  31. ^ a b Polívka (1922a), p. 119.
  32. ^ Grohmann (1863), p. 151 , cf. §Czech under § as Frog.
  33. ^ a b c d e Mikšíček, Matěj [in Czech] (1874). "Lidushka and the Water Demon's Wife (from the Bohemian)". Slavonic Fairy Tales . Translated by John Theophilus Naaké. Henry S. King. ISBN 9788074627590 – via Wikisource.
  34. ^ a b "Die Wohnung des Hastermanns",　Grohmann (1863), pp. 160–162, citing Vernaleken, Mythen und Bräuche, p. 178.
  35. ^ While the Liduška story with the frog wife given by Mikšíček is supposedly Czech,[33] Grohmann offers a cognate tale with no frog wife but the waterman himself,[34] while the "frog wife" version in Slovak (localized at Hron river) is given by Polívka, who notes it is widespread.
  36. ^ Polívka (1922a), p. 121, cf. §Slovakia under § Frog wives.
  37. ^ a b c d e Grohmann (1863), p. 149.
  38. ^ Polívka (1922a), p. 121.
  39. ^ a b c Mikšíček, Matěj [in Czech] (2014). "Vodníkova Žena". Moravské národní pohádky. Jota. p. 205. ISBN 9788074627590.
  40. ^ Grohmann (1863), p. 148.
  41. ^ Grohmann (1863), pp. 148–149.
  42. ^ Grohmann (1863), p. 149 and "Die Wohnung des Hastermanns",Grohmann (1863), pp. 160–162
  43. ^ "Der Hastermann in der Mühle" & Grohmann (1863), pp. 158–160
  44. ^ Jungbunzlau legend/rumor, Grohmann (1863), pp. 156–157
  45. ^ Kuřátková, Petra (2017), Peklo (pamphlet) (PDF), Nové Město nad Metují Municipal Museum
  46. ^ a b Erben et al. (1874), pp. 4–6, portion undersigned K. J. Erben.
  47. ^ Grohmann (1863), pp. 155–156, lore of Jungbunzlau (Mladá Boleslav).
  48. ^ a b Košťál (1892), p. 52.
  49. ^ Polívka (1921), pp. 312–313.
  50. ^ a b Polívka (1931), p. 171, citing Časopise Muzeálnej slovenskej spoločnosti [J. Slovak Museum Society] VII, 92, version from Ašakert, Nyitra County (now Nové Sady), Nitra District). Also Polívka (1922a), p. 120.
  51. ^ Polívka (1921), pp. 312–313, mostly localized in Czech regions, e.g. Nasavrky, Moravian Záhoří [cs] (Záhorská kronika|) are named, and in Moravia the hastrmann displaying fancy beaded ribbons (pentličky) occurs. Some Slovak examples are given also.
  52. ^ Polívka's list also includes Grohmann's tale (Grohmann (1863), p. 154) localized at dam at Veltrusy, Bohemia, where the hastermann [sic.] displayed red and yellow Maschen (ribbons) on a green little branch.
  53. ^ a b Polívka (1921), p. 312.
  54. ^ Erben, posthumous (1874),[46] also cited as "Slavia I, seš. 3, str. 4".[53]
  55. ^ Erben et al. (1874), p. 8, portion undersigned Julius Woldrziski
  56. ^ Concerns a village woman from Balda, Czech [cs] near Polička. Slavia 3: 8,[55] also cited by Košťál (1892), pp. 53–54.
  57. ^ Brüder Grimm, ed. (1816). "52. Der Wassermann und der Bauer". Deutsche Sagen (in German) (1st ed.). Nicolai. pp. 67–68 – via Wikisource.
  58. ^ Thirlwall, Connop, Bishop (1859). "X. On Some Traditions Relating to the Submersion of Ancient Cities". Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature of the United Kingdom. second series. 6: 406.
  59. ^ Informant: J. Kraus aus Luschteniß (from Luštěnice),Grohmann (1863), p. 151
  60. ^ Grohmann (1863), pp. 156–157 "Der Wassermann und seine Frau". Informant: Ad. Bloch aus Jungbunzlau
  61. ^ Kálal, Karel [in Slovak]; Kálal, Miroslav, eds. (1923). "molok". Slovenský slovník z literatúry aj nárečí (in Slovak). Banská Bystrica: K. Kálal. p. 340.
  62. ^ Valentsova, Marina M. (2019). "Slovak mythological vocabulary on the Common Slavic background: Ethno-linguistic aspect". In Lajoye, Patrice (ed.). New Researches on the religion and mythology of the Pagan Slavs. Lisieux: Lingva. p. 115.
  63. ^ Kálal dictionary,[61] cited by Valentsova.[62]
  64. ^ "a) Zápas jedného Vodníka s druhým [Bout between a vodník and another]" Polívka (1931), pp. 169–170
  65. ^ Polívka (1931), p. 171; Polívka (1922a), p. 119, citing MS. J. Ľ. Holuby [sk], p. 39, version by Geľka.
  66. ^ Polívka (1931), p. 171; Polívka (1922a), p. 120, citing Procházka, p. 66 (Trencsén County≈Trenčín Region).
  67. ^ Polívka (1931), p. 171; Polívka (1922a), p. 119, citing MS. J. Ľ. Holuby, p. 119, "vodník of Drietoma"
  68. ^ Polívka (1931), p. 171; Polívka (1922a), p. 119, citing MS. J. Ľ. Holuby, p. 84
  69. ^ Polívka (1931), p. 171; Polívka (1922a), p. 119, citing MS. J. Ľ. Holuby, p. 134. Seen by a beggar named Drdoš in the Kopanice region [sk]
  70. ^ Polívka (1931), pp. 172–173; Polívka (1922a), p. 120–121, citing Tovaryšstvo, III, p. 277
  71. ^ Polívka (1921), p. 313.
  72. ^ Polívka (1922a), p. 120.
  73. ^ Polívka (1931), p. 173; Polívka (1922a), p. 121, citing Procházka, pp. 65–66,
  74. ^ Polívka (1931), p. 173; Polívka (1922a), p. 121 citing Sborník Muzeálnej slovenskej spoločnosti I, 38–39, n°33, a version of "Vodníkova žena v Hrone".
  75. ^ Almqvist, Bo (2008). "Midwife to the Fairies (ML 5070) in Icelandic Tradition". In Gunnell, Terry Gunnell (ed.). Legends and Landscape: Articles Based on Plenary Papers from the 5th Celtic-Nordic-Baltic Folklore Symposium, Reykjavík, 2005. University of Iceland Press. p. 276. ISBN 9789979548065.; [fulltext] @ academia.edu
  76. ^ Uther, Hans-Jörg (1928), "476* In the Frog's House", The Types of International Folktales: Animal tales, tales of magic, religious tales, and realistic tales, with an introduction, FF communications 284, Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, Academia Scientiarum Fennica, p. 280
  77. ^ Gašparíková, Viera [in Ukrainian] (1986), "A szlovák-magyar kapcsolatok tükröződése a népmesemondásban", A III. Békéscsabai Nemzetközi Néprajzi Nemzetiségkutató Konferencia előadásai: (1985. október 2-4.) (in Hungarian), Budapest-Békéscsaba: Művelődési Minisztérium Nemzetiségi Önálló Osztálya, p. 166
  78. ^ "Болотник" [Bolotnik]. Bestiary.us (in Russian).
  79. ^ ""Zhenskiye personazhi slavyanskoy mifologii"" "Женские персонажи славянской мифологии" [Female characters of Slavic mythology] (in Russian).
  80. ^ "Русалки (купалки, водяницы, лоскотухи)" [Rusalki (kupalki, vodyanitsy, loskotukhi)]. Mythological encyclopedia (in Russian).
  81. ^ Bajec, Anton [in Slovenian] (1939). Slovenska čitanka za tretji [in] četrti razred srednjih in sorodnih šol. Vol. 1. Banovinska zaloga šolskih knjig in učil. p. 58.
  82. ^ Axelrad, Jacob (7 June 2013). "Canonsburg abuzz over horror movie". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on 2013-06-21.
  83. ^ The 1st Edition Dungeons & Dragons Fiend Folio, p. 93.

Bibliography

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