Jump to content

Guangzhou Metro

Coordinates: 23°06′32″N 113°15′53″E / 23.1089°N 113.2647°E / 23.1089; 113.2647
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the tram lines in Guangzhou, see Guangzhou Tram.

Guangzhou Metro
A Line 6 train on the Jinshazhou Pearl River Bridge
A Line 6 train on the Jinshazhou Pearl River Bridge
Overview
OwnerCity of Guangzhou
LocaleGuangzhou
Foshan
Transit typeRapid transit
Number of lines17
Number of stations323[1]
Daily ridership8.2 million (2018 Avg.)[2]
10.62 million (6 June 2019 peak)[3]
Annual ridership3.31 Billion  (2019)[4]
Websitewww.gzmtr.com
Operation
Began operation28 June 1997; 27 years ago (1997-06-28)
Operator(s)Guangzhou Metro Corporation
Number of vehicles625 trains (as of 2021)[5]
Technical
System length702.99 km (436.8 mi)[1]
Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge
Minimum radius of curvature206 m (676 ft)[6]
Electrification
[7]
System map

Guangzhou Metro
Simplified Chinese广州地铁
Traditional Chinese廣州地鐵
JyutpingGwong²zau¹ Dei⁶tit³
Cantonese YaleGwóngjàu Deihtit
Hanyu PinyinGuǎngzhōu Dìtiě
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinGuǎngzhōu Dìtiě
Yue: Cantonese
Yale RomanizationGwóngjàu Deihtit
JyutpingGwong²zau¹ Dei⁶tit³

The Guangzhou Metro (广州地铁) is the rapid transit system of the city of Guangzhou in the Guangdong Province of China. It is operated by the state-owned Guangzhou Metro Corporation and was the fourth metro system to be built in mainland China, after those of Beijing, Tianjin, and Shanghai.

The earliest efforts to build an underground rapid transit system in Guangzhou date back to 1960. In the two decades that followed, the project was brought into the agenda five times but ended up abandoned each time due to financial and technical difficulties.[8][9] Preparation of what would lead to today's Guangzhou Metro did not start until the 1980s, and it was not until 1993 that construction of the first line, Line 1, officially began.[9][10] Line 1 opened four years later in 1997 with five stations in operation.[11]

As of 28 December 2024, Guangzhou Metro has 17 lines in operation, namely: Line 1, Line 2, Line 3, Line 4, Line 5, Line 6, Line 7, Line 8, Line 9, Line 11, Line 13, Line 14, Line 18, Line 21, Line 22, Guangfo Line, and Zhujiang New Town APM reaching both the urban core and surrounding suburbs. Guangfo Line connects Guangzhou and Foshan and is the first metro line between two cities in the country.[12] Daily service hours start at 6:00 am and end at midnight and daily ridership averages over 7 million.[13][14][15] Having delivered 3.029 billion rides in 2018, Guangzhou Metro is the third busiest metro system in the world and the 3rd largest in terms of length, after the metro systems of Beijing and Shanghai. Guangzhou Metro operates 320 stations[1][e] and 652.81 km (405.6 mi)[1] of lines.

Extensive development of the metro network has been planned for the next decade, with construction started on Line 10, Line 12, and Line 24, and extensions of Line 8, Line 13, Line 14, Line 18, as well as the extension of Line 22 to Baiyun Airport.

Some of the system's lines were designed to operate much faster than traditional metro lines, with stations far apart and faster trainsets regularly running at 160 kilometres per hour (99 mph). Lines 18 and 22 are the fastest metro lines in China, a title previously held by Line 11 of the Shenzhen Metro.[16][17]

History

[edit]

Forays of the 1960s and 1970s

[edit]

A city cannot be modernized without a metro system!

— Chen Yu, Governor of Guangdong 1957–1967[f]

Chen Yu (Chinese: 陈郁), Governor of Guangdong in 1957–1967,[18] was the first to have proposed an underground metro system for Guangzhou. In the summer of 1960, he ordered a secret geological survey of groundwater levels of Guangzhou. Six holes with an accumulated depth of 1980 m were drilled in the karst and alluvial plains in the city. The geological conditions of Guangzhou, despite their complexity, did not preclude the possibility of an underground metro system. Analysis of the survey data resulted in a confidential report titled Geological Survey for Guangzhou Underground Railway Project dated July 1961, the earliest one of such reports.[8]

In 1965, Chen Yu along with Tao Zhu (陶铸), who had been the Governor of Guangdong and First Secretary of Guangdong Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, proposed in the wake of the Gulf of Tonkin incident that a tunnel is built in Guangzhou for wartime evacuations and post-war metro development. Approved by the central government, the project started in the spring of 1965. Due to its confidentiality in the context of intensification of the Vietnam War, the project adopted the obscure name of "Project Nine" (九号工程), where "Nine" was the number of strokes in "地下", the Chinese word for "underground".[9][19]

As envisaged by Chen Yu, the metro system of Guangzhou would consist of two lines: a north–south line that would connect Nanfang Building to Sanyuanli via Renmin Lu and Jiefang Beilu, and an east–west line that would run from Xichang to Dongshan along today's Dongfeng Lu. The two lines roughly parallelled Line 2 and Line 1 of the modern days, respectively. The east–west line was never built, while Project Nine was dedicated to the north–south line. Over ten teams of miners were recruited for a project filled with hazards and perils. Constrained by extreme scarcity of time, monetary and material resources, the ambition to build a tunnel for the metro operation was scaled back— the capability to run trolleybuses was deemed acceptable. For ¥13 million, an 8 km (5.0 mi) long tunnel was completed in 1966. The tunnel was planned to be used as an air-raid shelter and eventual metro line;[20] however, with a cross-section merely 3 m wide and 2.85 m tall, and exposed rocks and wooden trestles scattered everywhere, it was unusable for public transit. In the two decades that followed, four attempts were made to revive and expand Project Nine, first in 1970, next in 1971, then in 1974, and last in 1979. Due to lack of funds and complex geotechnical conditions, none of these efforts materialized.[9]

Construction of Line 1

[edit]

The metro project of Guangzhou was launched for the sixth time in 1984 as the Preparation Office of Guangzhou Metro, established back in 1979 as part of the last attempt to resurrect Project Nine, was moved out of the civil air-defense system and became a subordinate body of the Construction Commission of Guangzhou, bringing Guangzhou Metro into the scope of urban infrastructure development. Before the 1980s, war preparedness was the dominant tenet of underground infrastructure projects in mainland China. The construction of Guangzhou Metro marked the first deviation from the old doctrine as traffic itself became the prime consideration of the project.[9]

Metro network design of Guangzhou selected in 1988

The design of the initial metro network was a collaborative effort between China and France (SYSTRA).[21] Four tentative designs were published on 14 March 1988 edition of Guangzhou Daily. From the four designs, one was selected based on expert and mass feedback. The selected design, featuring two intersecting lines, was the baseline typology for today's Line 1 and Line 2.[9]

Construction of Line 1 officially commenced on 28 December 1993, although work on a trial section at Huangsha had begun in October 1992, five months before the feasibility study of the line was ratified by the State Planning Commission[g] in March 1993.[9][10] Various technologies novel to China's construction industry at the time were adopted in different sections of the project, notably including immersed tubes (Pearl River Tunnel) and tunnel boring machines (Huangsha–Martyrs' Park section).[10] As the most massive urban infrastructure project in the history of Guangzhou, Line 1 required funding of ¥12.75 billion, all of which was raised by the local government.[22] Use of cut-and-cover tunnels aggressively backed by then-mayor Li Ziliu necessitated the relocation of approximately 100,000 residents in 20,000 households and demolition of buildings totalling 1.1 km2 (0.42 sq mi) in the area and earned Li the nickname "Li the Demolisher" (Yue Chinese: 黎拆樓, romanized: lai4 caak3 lau2).[23][24]

Three and a half years after construction started, the 5.4 km (3.4 mi) section from Xilang to Huangsha opened for trial operation on 28 June 1997. The remaining 13 km (8.1 mi), from Huangsha to Guangzhou East railway station, was completed eighteen months later on 28 December 1998.[25] The entire line opened for sightseeing tours between 16 February and 2 March 1999, delivering 1.39 million rides 15 days before closing for final testing.[26] Operation of Line 1 officially began on 28 June 1999, 34 years after the start of Project Nine in 1965.[11]

Accelerated expansion in the 2000s

[edit]
Evolution of Guangzhou Metro (1997-2018)

The success of Line 1 as a turnkey project acquired from Siemens[27] with 100% imported electromechanical equipment prompted a wave of similar proposals from twelve other cities in mainland China toward the end of the 1990s. The fever for import-centric rapid transit caused the State Planning Committee to temporarily halt approval of rapid transit projects nationwide and regulate the localization rates of rolling stock suppliers. Amid tightened regulation, only Line 2 of Guangzhou Metro received the immediate green light to proceed in June 1998 on the condition that at least 60% of its electromechanical equipment must be sourced domestically.[28]

Construction of Line 2 started in July 1998.[29] Rolling stock manufacturer Bombardier airlifted the first two train cars in an An-124 from Berlin to Guangzhou in November 2002 after schedule delays.[28][h] The first section, from Sanyuanli to Xiaogang opened on 29 December 2002; the remaining section from Xiaogang to Pazhou opened on 28 June 2003.[30][31] At ¥2.13 billion, the equipment cost of Line 2 was 53% lower than that of Line 1. This demonstrated the feasibility of cost reduction through procurement of domestic equipment, revealing a path to project approval to other Chinese cities and reigniting their aspirations to own a rapid transit system.[28]

The renewed craze for rapid transit across the country soon encountered a new round of tightened control on project approval around 2003. But Guangzhou was exempted along with Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen.[32] By the time Line 2 was completed, construction of Line 3, Line 4, and Guangfo Line had been underway,[31] among which only Guangfo Line later fell to stringent regulation of approvals.[32]

Lines in operation

[edit]
Line Terminals
(District) 		Commencement Newest
Extension 		Length
km 		Stations Depots/
Stabling Sidings
 1  Xilang
(Liwan) 		Guangzhou East Railway Station
(Tianhe) 		1997 1999 18.4 16 Xilang
 2  Guangzhou South Railway Station
(Panyu) 		Jiahewanggang
(Baiyun) 		2002 2010 31.8 24 Jiahe/Dazhou
 3  Haibang
(Panyu) 		Airport North (Terminal 2) (Huadu)
Tianhe Coach Terminal (Tianhe) 		2005 2024 74.9 34 Jiahe/Xiajiao
 4  Nansha Passenger Port
(Nansha) 		Huangcun
(Tianhe) 		2005 2017 56.2 23 Xinzao
 5  Jiaokou
(Liwan) 		Huangpu New Port
(Huangpu) 		2009 2023 41.7 30 Yuzhu/Shuanggang
 6  Xunfenggang
(Baiyun) 		Xiangxue
(Huangpu) 		2013 2016 42.0 31 Xunfenggang/Luogang
 7  Meidi Dadao
(Shunde, Foshan) 		Yanshan
(Huangpu) 		2016 2023 54.24 27 Dazhou/Yifeng/Jitang
 8  Jiaoxin
(Baiyun) 		Wanshengwei
(Haizhu) 		2003 2020 33.9 28 Baiyunhu
 9  Fei'eling
(Huadu) 		Gaozeng
(Baiyun) 		2017 — 20.1 11 Qishan
 11  Chisha
(Haizhu) 		Longtan
(Haizhu) 		2024 — 44.2 31 Chisha
 13  Yuzhu
(Huangpu) 		Xinsha
(Zengcheng) 		2017 — 28.3 11 Yuzhu/Guanhu
 14  Jiahewanggang (Baiyun)
Xinhe (Baiyun) 		Dongfeng (Conghua)
Zhenlong (Huangpu) 		2017 2018 75.4 22 Shihu/Zhenlong/Dengcun
 18  Xiancun
(Tianhe) 		Wanqingsha
(Nansha) 		2021 — 58.3 8 Longzhen/Wanqingsha
 21  Tianhe Park
(Tianhe) 		Zengcheng Square
(Zengcheng) 		2018 2019 60.5[33] 20 Zhenlong/Xiangling
 22  Chentougang
(Panyu) 		Panyu Square
(Panyu) 		2022 — 18.2 4 Longzhen/Chentougang
 APM  Canton Tower
(Haizhu) 		Linhexi
(Tianhe) 		2010 — 4.0 9 Chigang Pagoda
 Guangfo  Xincheng Dong
(Shunde, Foshan) 		Lijiao
(Haizhu) 		2010 2018 39.6 25 Xianan
Total 702.99[1] 323[1]

Line 1

[edit]
Martyrs' Park station of Line 1
Main article: Line 1 (Guangzhou Metro)

Line 1 runs from Xilang to Guangzhou East railway station, with a total length of 18.5 km (11.5 mi). Except for Kengkou and Xilang, all stations in Line 1 are underground.[34] Its first section, from Xilang to Huangsha, opened on 28 June 1997, making Guangzhou the fourth city in mainland China to have a metro system. The full line started operation two years later on 28 June 1999. Line 1's color is yellow.

Line 2

[edit]
Yuexiu Park station of Line 2
Main article: Line 2 (Guangzhou Metro)

Line 2 is a north–south line that runs from Jiahewanggang to Guangzhou South railway station. Until 21 September 2010, it ran from Sanyuanli to Wanshengwei. Its first section, between Sanyuanli and Xiaogang, opened on 29 December 2002. It was extended from Xiaogang to Pazhou on 28 June 2003 and further to Wanshengwei a year later. The section between Xiaogang and Wanshengwei was split off to form part of Line 8 during 22–24 September 2010, when the operation was paused. The latest extension, from Jiangnanxi to Guangzhou South railway station and from Sanyuanli to Jiahewanggang, opened on 25 September 2010 as the whole line resumed operation. The length of the current line is 31.4 km (19.5 mi). All stations in Line 2 are underground.[35] Line 2's color is deep blue.

Line 3

[edit]
Tiyu Xilu station of Line 3
Main article: Line 3 (Guangzhou Metro)

Line 3 is a 74.9 km (46.5 mi) Y-shaped line connecting Airport North and Tianhe Coach Terminal to Haibang. All stations in the line are underground.[36] When the line opened on 26 December 2005, trains operated between Guangzhou East railway station and Kecun. Following completion of the Tianhe Coach Terminal–Tiyu Xilu and Kecun–Panyu Square sections, the line was rerouted on 30 December 2006 to offer transfer-free connections between Panyu Square and Tianhe Coach Terminal via Tiyu Xilu. The Guangzhou East railway station–Tiyu Xilu section became a shuttle until it was extended northwards to Airport South on 30 October 2010. Southwards, it was extended from Panyu Square to Haibang on 1 November 2024.[37] In official distinctions, the main route consists of the entire Airport North–Haibang section, while the Tianhe Coach Terminal–Tiyu Xilu section is a spur line.[38] The spur line will be split off in the long term to form part of Line 10.[39] Line 3 had been notorious for its crowding since it opened, for it ran three-car trains. That was partly relieved when all three-car trains started operating as six-car ones, connected in sets of two, on 28 April 2010.[40] Sectional services between Tonghe to Dashi are added from 7:30 to 8:30 every workday, partly solving the capacity issues.[41] Despite these changes, as of 2018, the line is still severely overcrowded. Line 3's color is orange.

Line 4

[edit]
Nansha Passenger Port station of Line 4
Main article: Line 4 (Guangzhou Metro)

Line 4 is a north–south line running parallel to Line 2 along the east of the city. It is 60.03 km (37.30 mi) long with 24 stations. The section of the line from Huangcun to Xinzao, Feishajiao to Nansha Passenger Port are built underground, while that from Xinzao to Jinzhou is built at the elevated track.[42][43] It was the first metro line in mainland China to use linear motor trains.[44] Its first section, from Wanshengwei to Xinzao, opened on 26 December 2005. Southwards, it was extended from Xinzao to Huangge on 30 December 2006 and further to Jinzhou on 28 June 2007. Northwards, it was extended to Chebeinan on 28 December 2009. Southwards, it extended from Chebeinan to Huangcun, opened on 25 September 2010. Its latest extension, from Huangcun to Nansha Passenger Port, opened on 27 December 2017. Line 4's color is green.

Line 5

[edit]
Taojin station of Line 5
Main article: Line 5 (Guangzhou Metro)

The 41.7 km (25.9 mi) long Line 5 starts at Jiaokou and runs to Huangpu New Port. It entered operation on 28 December 2009 between Jiaokou and Wenchong, and on 28 December 2023 between Wenchong and Huangpu New Port. All stations in the line except Jiaokou and Tanwei are underground. Until Line 8 was split off from Line 2, it was the only line that interchanged with all other lines. Similar to Line 4, Line 5 also uses linear motor trains. Line 5's color is red.

Line 6

[edit]
Beijing Lu station of Line 6
Main article: Line 6 (Guangzhou Metro)

The first stage of Line 6, a 24.5 km (15.2 mi) long phase one runs from Xunfenggang to Changban with 22 stations. It began service on 28 December 2013 and contains three elevated stations along the route. Construction of a 10-station, 17.5 km (10.9 mi) long extension to Xiangxue from Changban is entered revenue service in 2016. The line runs four-car trains, but stations of the east extension starting with South China Botanical Garden will be constructed with a provision to accommodate six-car trains in preparation for a route split in the future.[45] Line 6's color is maroon.

Line 7

[edit]
Chencun station of Line 7
Main article: Line 7 (Guangzhou Metro)

The first phase of Line 7 began service on 28 December 2016 and ran from Guangzhou South railway station to Higher Education Mega Center South in Panyu District throughout 18.6 km (11.6 mi). The phase 1 west extension opened on 1 May 2022 from Guangzhou South railway station to Meidi Dadao station. Six-car trains are used. All stations are underground.[46] Phase 2 opened on 28 December 2023, and extends the line by 22.2 km (13.8 mi) and 11 stations to reach north of the Pearl River and go deep to Huangpu district, providing interchanges with Line 13 at Yufengwei, Line 5 at Dashadong, Line 6 at Luogang, Line 21 at Shuixi and the planned east extension of Line 8 at Changzhou. Line 7's color is light green.

Line 8

[edit]
Pazhou station of Line 8
Main article: Line 8 (Guangzhou Metro)

The first section of Line 8, from Xiaogang to Wanshengwei, opened in 2002 and ran as part of Line 2 until the extension to the line was completed in September 2010. Line 8 ran from Fenghuang Xincun to Wanshengwei. The section from Changgang to Wanshengwei opened on 25 September 2010 when the split-off from Line 2 was complete. The section west of Changgang did not open until 3 November 2010 due to disputes over the environmental impact of the cooling facilities at Shayuan.[47][48] The remaining section from Fenghuang Xincun to Cultural Park and Cultural Park to Jiaoxin are opened on 28 December 2019 and 26 November 2020 separately. Line 8's color is teal.

Line 9

[edit]
Qingtang station of Line 9
Main article: Line 9 (Guangzhou Metro)

The 20.1 km (12.5 mi) long underground route is operated by six-car trains, which runs from Fei'eling to Gaozeng, serving 10 stations. The line, other than Qingtang station, went operational on 28 December 2017. Line 9 mainly serves as a link for the passengers of Huadu District and Guangzhou North railway station to the rest of the system, having only one transfer station with Line 3 at Gaozeng. After the Tianhe Coach Terminal–Tiyu Xilu spur line of Line 3 is split off to form part of Line 10, the line is expected to be connected into Line 3 using the reserved switches at Gaozeng to become a new spur line.[citation needed] Line 9's color is pale green.

Line 11

[edit]
Longkou West station of Line 11
Main article: Line 11 (Guangzhou Metro)

Line 11 is a 44.2 km (27.5 mi) loop-shaped line—the first in such shape—connecting Chisha and Longtan. The line was opened on 28 December 2024 at 14:00 local time, with trains stopping in all but the Guangzhou East and Guangzhou Railway Stations.[49] Line 11's color is gold.

Line 13

[edit]
Nanhai God Temple station of Line 13
Main article: Line 13 (Guangzhou Metro)

Opened on 28 December 2017, Line 13 is the first metro line in Guangzhou built to run eight-car trains. The currently operating 27.03 km (16.80 mi) first phase runs from Yuzhu to Xinsha, serving passengers of Huangpu and Xintang, Zengcheng. The eleven-station line currently has only one transfer station with Line 5 at Yuzhu. The second phase of Line 13 runs west of the current phase, which cuts through popular areas of Huangpu, Tianhe, and Liwan Districts, and is currently under construction. Line 13's color is olive.

Line 14

[edit]
Wangcun station of Line 14
Main article: Line 14 (Guangzhou Metro)

Two sections of Line 14 are currently in service. The Knowledge City Branch Line, a ten-station 21.01 km (13.06 mi) long route located mainly within Huangpu, opened on 28 December 2017. The branch line operates primarily within Huangpu between Xinhe and Zhenlong, serving the Sino-Singapore Guangzhou Knowledge City. The mainline segment to Conghua opened a year later on 28 December 2018 and runs from Jiahewanggang in Baiyun District to Dongfeng in Conghua. A southward extension to Guangzhou railway station is currently under construction. Line 14 was the first Guangzhou Metro line to run express services. Line 14's color is brown.

Line 18

[edit]
Panyu Square station of Line 18
Main article: Line 18 (Guangzhou Metro)

The section from Xiancun to Wanqingsha of Line 18 opened on 28 September 2021. The section is 58.3 km in length. It will be extended 3 km to Guangzhou East Railway Station. A further 39.6 km extension to Huachengjie is also planned. Line 18's color is blue.

Line 21

[edit]
Zengcheng Square station of Line 21
Main article: Line 21 (Guangzhou Metro)

The 60.5 km (37.6 mi)[33] long Line 21 runs between Tianhe Park in Tianhe and Zengcheng Square in Zengcheng with six-car trains. It has 40.1 km (24.9 mi) of underground tracks, 14.7 km (9.1 mi) of elevated tracks, and 6.8 km (4.2 mi) of tracks in mountain tunnels.[50] The section from Yuancun to Tianhe Park is intended as part of Line 11 and constructed to accommodate the eight-car trains of the latter. When the construction of Line 11 is completed, this section will be operated as part of Line 11, making Tianhe Park the west end of Line 21.[51] Express service was also provided after the inauguration of the western section (Yuancun – Zhenlongxi). Line 21's color is dark navy.

Line 22

[edit]
Shiguanglu Station of Line 22
Main article: Line 22 (Guangzhou Metro)

The section from Panyu Square to Chentougang of Line 22 opened on 31 March 2022. The section is 18.2 km in length. It will be extended 73.2 km to Airport North (Terminal 2).[52] Line 22's color is orange.

Guangfo Line

[edit]
Kuiqi Lu station of Guangfo metro
Main article: Guangfo Metro
See also: Foshan Metro

The Guangzhou–Foshan Section of Pearl River Delta Region Intercity Rapid Transit (Chinese: 珠江三角洲地区城际快速轨道交通广州至佛山段) is an intercity metro line that connects Guangzhou and Foshan. It is commonly known as Guangfo Metro and Guangfo Line of Guangzhou Metro. The section within Foshan also doubles as Line 1 of FMetro (Foshan Metro). The line is operated by Guangdong Guangfo Rail Transit Co., Ltd., a subsidiary co-owned by Guangzhou Metro (51%) and Foshan Metro (49%).[53][54] Its first section, from Xilang to Kuiqi Lu in Foshan, started operation on 3 November 2010 with 21 km (13 mi) of tracks and 14 stations.[12][48] Eleven of the stations are located in Foshan, while the other three are in Guangzhou.[48] Relocation disputes at Lijiao were not resolved until October 2013 and have delayed completion of the extension from Xilang to Lijiao till December 2015.[55] When the line is completed, it will have 32.2 km (20.0 mi) of tracks and 21 stations, of which 17.4 km (10.8 mi) of tracks and 10 stations will be located in Guangzhou.[54] The line runs four-car trains.[54] All its stations are underground.[56]

Zhujiang New Town APM Line

[edit]
Canton Tower station of APM Line
Main article: Zhujiang New Town Automated People Mover System

The Automated People Mover System of Zhujiang New Town Core District Municipal Traffic Project (Chinese: 珠江新城核心区市政交通项目旅客自动输送系统)[57] is an underground automated people mover that serves the central business district of Zhujiang New Town. It is commonly known as Zhujiang New Town Automated People Mover System or the APM for short. At a length of 3.9 km (2.4 mi), it connects Linhexi and Canton Tower with nine stations on the line.[58] The operation started on 8 November 2010 with Canton Tower Station named Chigang Pagoda Station until December 2013.[59] The stations of Haixinsha and Chigang Pagoda remained closed during the 2010 Asian Games. Chigang Pagoda Station opened on 28 November 2010, one day after the Asian Games ended;[60][61] Haixinsha Station remained unopened until 24 February 2011.[62] There is no direct platform-to-platform connection between the APM and Line 3 albeit they share the stations of Linhexi and Canton Tower.[60] Transfer passengers need to exit and reenter with a new ticket. The APM runs two-car rubber-wheeled driverless trains.[60]

Network expansion

[edit]

Short-term planning

[edit]
Under construction[63]
Project Terminals/Stations Length
km 		Stations Status (Construction progress[i])
 4  Remaining station Guanqiao — 1 Under construction
Expected to open in 2026
 8  Far northern extension Jiaoxin – Jiangfu 9.4 4 Under construction: 10%
 10  Initial section Xilang – Guangzhou Dadaozhong 19.4 12 Under construction: 90%
 10  Line 3 branch dismantling section[j] Guangzhou Dadaozhong – Shipaiqiao joins Line 3 spur line
 11  Remaining stations Guangzhou East Railway Station
Guangzhou Railway Station 		— 2 Under construction: 99%
 12  Xunfenggang – Higher Education Mega Center South 37.6 25 Under construction: 88%
Expected to open in 2025 or 2026
 13  Phase 2 Chaoyang – Yuzhu 33.8 23 Under construction: 86%
Expected to open in 2025 or 2026
 14  Phase 2 Guangzhou Railway Station – Jiahewanggang 11.6 8 Under construction: 63%
Expected to open in 2025
 18  Remaining section of phase 1 Xiancun – Guangzhou East Railway Station 3 1 Under construction: 48%
 18  Northern extension
(Guanghua intercity) 		Guangzhou East Railway Station – Huachengjie 40.1 7 Under construction: 30%
 18  Southern extension western section
(Nanzhuzhong intercity Nansha to Zhongshan section) 		Wanqingsha – Xingzhong 47.6 10 Under construction: 53%
(Guangzhou section)
Under construction: 20%
(Zhongshan section)
 22  Remaining section of phase 1 Chentougang – Fangcun 12.6 4 Under construction: 88%
Expected to open in 2025
 22  Northern extension
(Fangbai intercity) 		Fangcun – Airport North 42.4 10 Under construction: 31%
 24  North section (Line 8 far northern extension) Jiangfu – Guangzhou North Railway Station 11.3 18 Under construction: 10%
 24  South section (Line 8 far northern extension branch) Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall – Jiangfu 20.0 Under construction: 7%
Approved and awaiting construction[k]
Project Terminals/Stations Length
km 		Stations Status
 8  Eastern extension Wanshengwei – Lianhua 18.0 7 Awaiting construction
 18  Southern extension
(Nanzhuzhong intercity Zhongshan to Zhuhai section) 		Xiangshan – Gongbei — — Preliminary studies in progress
 28  (Fosuiguan intercity) Luzhou – Songshanhu 113 — Preliminary studies in progress
Awaiting approval
Project Terminals/Stations Length
km 		Stations Status
 26  Foshan section Magang Dadao – Shunde College Railway Station – (Guangfo city boundary) 11.3 4 EIA publicity

Long-term planning

[edit]

The Guangzhou Urban Rail Transit Network Planning Scheme (2018–2035) (Chinese: 《广州市城市轨道交通线网规划方案》（2018—2035年）), which was approved by the Guangzhou Municipal Government in November 2020, shows that a total of 53 metro lines and 2,029 km are planned in Guangzhou. This round of line network planning is divided into three levels: high-speed metro, rapid metro, and regular-speed metro. Among them, there are 5 high-speed metro lines with 452 km in Guangzhou, 11 rapid metro lines with 607 km in Guangzhou, and 37 regular-speed metro lines with 970 km.[64][65]

Connections to neighboring cities

[edit]

The Guangzhou Metro is actively constructing connections to neighboring cities. Foshan is already connected via the Guangfo Metro with connections via Line 7 and Foshan Metro Line 2 is now opened. Dongguan city is proposing connections with Guangzhou Metro Line 13 and the Dongguan Metro.[66] Neighboring Huizhou city proposed in 2016 that Guangzhou Metro Line 16 be extended into Longmen County, achieving the integration of Huizhou and Guangzhou. In January 2018, Huizhou's mayor Mai Jiaomeng revealed that Huizhou was studying two connections with the Guangzhou Metro with Line 16 heading to Yonghan Town, Longmen County and Line 21 extended to Mount Luofu in Boluo County.[67][68] In 2018, Guangzhou is studying the feasibility of extending Line 18 south into Zhongshan[69] and north into Qingyuan.[70]

Guangzhou–Foshan metro connections
Guangzhou Metro lines to connect with FMetro lines[39]
# Guangzhou Metro FMetro Status
1 Guangfo Metro In operation
2 Line 2

Line 7

Line 22

Line 2 In operation
3 Line 7 Line 3

Line 10

Line 11

Partially in operation (Line 3 only)
4 10 6 Planned
5 17 7 Planned
6 Extension of Line 12 (Guangzhou Metro) from Chatou to Lishui Planned
7 Extension of Line 19 (Guangzhou Metro) to Suiyan Lu Planned

Fares and tickets

[edit]

Fares

[edit]

Fares of Guangzhou Metro currently range from ¥2 (a couple of stations) to ¥22 (the longest journeys). A journey shorter than 4 km costs ¥2; ¥1 is charged for every 4 km after 4 km, every 6 km after 12 km, and every 8 km after 24 km.[71] Between 30 October 2010 and 30 October 2011, an additional, undiscountable ¥5 fee was charged for any journey to or from Airport South. Collection of such a fee was approved for one year in July 2010 and expired without extension.[72][73] The fare for the longest possible journey to the exiting station will be charged if a journey exceeds four hours. Passengers may carry luggage below weight and size limits at no cost or a ¥2 surcharge.[74]

Current ticket types

[edit]

Single journey ticket

[edit]
Guangzhou Metro single journey ticket

Single journey tickets can be bought at a kiosk at every station or at the automatic ticket vending machines. The ticket itself is a contactless radio-frequency plastic token. The user has to tap it on the sensor on the ticket barrier when entering and insert it into a slot at the exit gate where the token is reclaimed. Full base fares are charged for single journey tickets for individuals. Passengers travelling in groups of 30 or larger can enjoy a 10% discount.[75]

Yang Cheng Tong and Lingnan Pass

[edit]

Yang Cheng Tong (Chinese: 羊城通; lit. 'Ram City Pass') is a contactless smartcard which can be used on the metro and most other forms of public transport in Guangzhou.

Yang Cheng Tong offers discounts for rides on buses and the metro. Within each month, bus and metro rides combined, a 5% discount is available for the first 15 journeys and a 40% discount for all journeys beyond. Full-time students enrolled in primary, secondary, and vocational schools can apply for student passes, which allow them bus and metro rides at half price. Senior citizens can also obtain special passes. Half price is charged for seniors aged 60–64. Seniors aged 65 and above as well as people with major disabilities ride free of charge.[75][76]

Yang Cheng Tong was rebranded in November 2010 as a type of Lingnan Pass (Chinese: 岭南通), a new transport card that is valid in multiple cities across the Pearl River Delta.[77] Lingnan Pass cards issued in Guangzhou are named Lingnan Pass·Yang Cheng Tong. Existing cards were automatically upgraded and need not be replaced.[78]

Day pass

[edit]
Art design of Guangzhou Metro day passes

Guangzhou Metro introduced day passes on 1 January 2013. A day pass holder can travel an unlimited number of times in the metro system during a limited period of validity starting from the first use. Two variants are currently available:

  • One-day pass: ¥20 each and valid for 24 hours
  • Three-day pass: ¥50 each and valid for 72 hours

Day passes are not rechargeable. They can be fully refunded until the first use, at which time they become nonrefundable. Used passes are not reclaimed, although they can be voluntarily recycled at drop boxes in the stations.

The passes are decorated with illustrations of the Cantonese language and cuisine to promote the local culture. The art design was favored by over 70% of those who responded to public opinion surveys compared to two other competing designs.[79]

Discontinued ticket types

[edit]

Guangzhou Metro discontinued the following ticket types in favor of Yang Cheng Tong.

Stored value ticket

[edit]
Guangzhou Metro stored value ticket

Stored value tickets were very similar to Yang Cheng Tong. Stored value tickets are not on sale anymore, but they will be presented as souvenirs to VIPs at the activities of the subway company and can have a 5% discount on fares.

Monthly pass

[edit]

Monthly passes were introduced on 1 November 2008 and abolished on 1 May 2010.[80][81] There were three types of monthly pass:

  • ¥55 monthly pass for 20 single journeys
  • ¥88 monthly pass for 35 single journeys
  • ¥115 monthly pass for 50 single journeys

Each journey could travel from one station to any other station regardless of distance. A monthly pass was valid within a calendar month, not the one-month period from the first day it was used. Unused journeys in a month could not be rolled over to a pass for the following month.

Student pass and senior citizen pass

[edit]

Both were issued by the metro company and used on metro only, allowing the holders to travel free or at half price.

Power supply

[edit]

Most Guangzhou Metro lines in operation are powered by 1,500 V DC. For power transmission, lines 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9 and 13 as well as Guangfo Line use overhead lines, while lines 4, 5, 6, 14 and 21 use third rails. Lines 18 and 22 also use overhead wires, although at 25 kV 50 Hz AC. In contrast to the heavy-rail lines, the light-rail APM runs on 600 V 50 Hz 3-phase AC supplied by third rails.[7]

Controversies

[edit]

Free rides for relatives of metro employees

[edit]

Starting from 1997 (Guangzhou Metro) implemented a policy that allowed free rides for, in addition to its employees, their relatives. The policy was exposed to the public after its validity was questioned at a hearing on metro fares in December 2005.[82] At first, it was reported that up to three lineal kins of each metro employee were allowed free access to the metro. Based on Guangzhou Metro having about 6,000 employees at the time, participants of the hearing estimated that up to 18,000 relatives of metro employees could ride free at an approximate cost of ¥13 million per year.[82][83]

In response to questions on the policy raised at the hearing, Lu Guanglin, then-General Manager of Guangzhou Metro, claimed that relatives of employees with free access would volunteer as security personnel of the metro. He cited counter-terrorism when explaining that the policy was not exclusively an employee benefit but also a safety measure.[83] Guangzhou Metro later clarified that only the spouse and at most one pre-college child under 18 of each employee were allowed free access, limiting the number of such people to about 2,000. Free rides were strictly regulated and tracked, with abuse subject to disciplinary actions. An unnamed metro employee estimated that the actual cost per year was ¥3 million rather than ¥13 million.[82]

Following its publicity, the policy sparked widespread criticism.[82][83] A Nanfang Daily editorial criticised the policy as Guangzhou Metro exploiting public resources to its own interests. It also questioned the competence of relatives of metro employees in counter-terrorism. It further argued that if Guangzhou Metro indeed needed voluntary security personnel, it could have recruited them openly from the public.[84] Such criticism was echoed by hearing participants as well as members of the Municipal People's Congress of Guangzhou.[85] Guangzhou Metro officially abandoned the policy under pressure on 16 December 2005.[82]

Ridership under-prediction

[edit]

The first lines that were constructed, such as Lines 1, 2, and 8, used high capacity 6-car A-type trains in anticipation to heavy ridership. This choice later proved invaluable in the densely populated Guangzhou with all three aforementioned lines today having a peak daily usage of over 1 million passengers each.[86] However, in the early days of operation, ridership of these lines was low. Ridership for Line 1 plateaued at 172000–176000 in the late 1990s and early 2000s even though it was projected to reach 290000 in 1998. The under utilization of these lines at the time allowed experts to insist using lower capacity trains on newer lines and even led to the Guangzhou government being criticized for overinflating ridership predictions to approve metro projects. Preference was given small-capacity trains and low-headway operation in the planning of later projects such as Lines 3, 5 and 6. Line 3 was to be built using smaller, lower capacity B-type rolling stock while Lines 5 and 6 was planned to use even lower capacity light metro four car L-type trains.

Initially the trains of Line 3 would only be three cars long and planned to gradually be extended into six car trains in the long-term future. This was in line with the conservative ridership projections at the time, with the Airport Section of Line 3 predicted in 2007 to have a long term peak demand of just over 20,000 pphpd by 2034.[87] These ideas would soon prove utterly shortsighted with Line 3 trains being plagued with extreme overcrowding with significant sections of the line over 100% capacity only a few years after opening. Line 3 was forced to adopt its final long term configuration of six-car trains and low headway operation only five years after opening.[88] However, as of 2014, with continuing growth in passenger demand, many sections of Line 3 are still over 100% capacity even after conversion to six car trains and low headway operation. The section crossing the Pearl River between Kecun and Canton Tower stations is the most congested, reaching 136% capacity.[89] In June 2017, the ridership of Line 3 averaged over 2 million passengers per day[90] and on 1 March 2019 the line carried 2.54 million passengers in a single day.[91] With the busiest section carrying over 60,000 pphpd of passenger volume in 2018.[92]

As the controversy surrounding Line 3 unfolded the low capacity design of Line 6, another downscaled line, drew concentrated but late criticism from local media in July 2009.[93][94][95][96][97] Originally believed to have limited attraction to commuters, Line 6 was intended as an auxiliary line with a projected daily ridership of 428000 two years after opening and 507000 in nine years, These projections assumed the opening year of Line 6 was still 2010 and Guangzhou was less populated. Such projections were in line with ridership of the, at the time, underutilized Lines 1 and Line 2 prior to 2004. However, with the construction of Line 6 well underway using the original plan of four car L-type trains, a change to longer trains had become unrealistic as it would require modification to stations structures whose construction had been completed. An internal report of Guangzhou Metro also released in 2009 reckoned that using the same six car B-type rolling stock as Lines 3 and 7 would increase the capacity of Line 6 by 50%. Land expropriation and residence relocation would pose even greater challenges as evidenced by severe delays in the construction of the stations of Yide Lu and Shahe.[88] In 2014, one year after opening, daily ridership on Line 6 has grown to 600,000 and continues to increase steadily,[98] peaking at 858,000 passengers on 16 September 2016, a mere two years later.[99] With the opening of Phase II extending the line from Changban to Xiangxue in late 2016 ridership continues to increase, averaging 850,000 passengers per day as of April 2018.[100]

The congestion following the openings of Lines 3 and 6 made a profound impact on the planning and design of metro lines in Guangzhou. Line 5 had an urgent revision during early construction to support longer six car trains but still using a low capacity L-type design. Lines 7 was originally also planned to use the same four car light metro design as Line 6 but was redesigned and constructed to use higher capacity six car B-type trains. Before the opening of Line 6, the mayor of Guangzhou Chen Jianhua publicly admitted that planning of Line 6 lacked foresight and ridership estimates were too conservative. He predicts the line would be very crowded upon opening. He promised to ensure that future lines will be designed to use trains that are six or more cars long.[101] Newer lines around the city center such as the under construction Line 11, Line 12 and in operation Line 13 will all use high capacity eight car A-type trains.

Quality inspection of Line 3 north extension

[edit]

Exposure of quality issue

[edit]

On 11 October 2010, news broke that the concrete structures of two connecting passages in the north extension of Line 3 between Jiahewanggang and Longgui had substandard compressive strength. The quality of the two connecting passages was found to be questionable as early as August 2009.[102] But it not was brought to light until a technician who worked for a company that inspected their quality posted scanned copies of the original inspection reports in his blog in August 2010, and the media picked up the story in October 2010.[103]

The connecting passages were intended as connections between two metro tunnels for the maintenance crew and emergency escape corridors for passengers.[104] Their compressive strength was designed to reach 30 MPa. However, the lowest values measured in two inspections were only 21.9 MPa and 25.5 MPa, respectively.[103] Guangzhou Metro and Beijing Chang Cheng Bilfinger Berger Construction Engineering Co., Ltd. (BCBB), contractor of the Jiahewanggang–Longgui section,[104] commissioned two inspection companies to perform a total of three inspections. All three inspections reported results below standard. According to the technician who disclosed the issue and another technician who participated in the first inspection, possible consequences of weaker-than-standard concrete structures included collapse of the passages, blockage of groundwater drains, and even paralysation of the metro tunnels.[102]

Alleged fraud attempts

[edit]

According to the two technicians, BCBB rejected a negative inspection report and conspired with their employer company to produce a fraudulent positive report.[102] In response, both the inspection company and BCBB denied their involvement in any fraud attempts.[103] Su Zhenyu, a deputy manager of the Quality and Safety Division of Guangzhou Metro, admitted the quality issue with the connecting passages but maintained the innocence of Guangzhou Metro. According to him (Guangzhou Metro) never received the original inspection reports in 2009 and was unaware of the issue until it received them on 30 September 2010. Su blamed the incident on deceit by BCBB and declared the structures safe for train operation.[102] Su's comments were acknowledged by Guangzhou Metro.[103]

Reactions

[edit]

According to Su (Guangzhou Metro) had launched an investigation into the incident and demanded remedial plans for fortifying the structures from the designer after its experts verified that the quality of the passage did not meet the design standard.[102] In its official response (Guangzhou Metro) claimed that it had been monitoring the connecting passages since they were completed in August 2009 and noticed no cracks, deformation or leaks. It also commissioned a re-inspection in September 2010 and obtained results comparable to previous ones. Evaluation by the designer of the connecting passages based on these results recognised their structures as safe. Previously in 2009, the designer also evaluated one of the two connecting passages as safe upon demand of BCBB with the standard for its compressive strength at the lowest permissible value of 25 MPa.[105]

In the wake of widespread media coverage, the Construction Commission of Guangzhou launched an investigation into the incident. The commission invited an independent expert group to inspect the connecting passages. The expert group reaffirmed that despite their quality was indeed below the design standard, the passages were safe for operation and needed not be strengthened or rebuilt. The commission also confirmed that BCBB violated regulations in concealing negative inspection reports from related parties.[106] The cause of weaker-than-standard concrete structures was blamed by deputy mayor Su Zequn on cement being mixed manually instead of using machinery due to space limitation at the construction site.[107]

The scheduled opening of the north extension of Line 3 on 30 October 2010 was eventually unaffected.

Universal free access in November 2010

[edit]

In January 2010, then-mayor Zhang Guangning revealed to the media that the local government was considering rewarding residents with an "Asian Games gift package" in acknowledgement of their support for the Games.[108] On 27 September 2010, contents of the gift package were officially announced. Included was universal free access to public transit on 30 workdays in November and December 2010 that would coincide with the schedules of the 2010 Asian Games and Asian Para Games in urban areas excluding the districts of Panyu, Nansha and Huadu and the cities of Zengcheng and Conghua. The measure was intended to compensate for the inconvenience caused by a temporary traffic rule that would ban cars from the streets by the parity of the last digits of their license plates during the Games.[109][110]

The free rides policy prompted unprecedented enthusiasm from local residents on 1 November 2010, the first day it went into effect. The metro system carried 7.80 million rides, doubling the figure of an average day.[111] Ridership of the day exceeded the previous peak of 5.13 million on National Day 1 October 2010 by a significant margin and set a national record.[112] Metro traffic remained intense in the days that followed. The daily ridership record was refreshed twice on 3 and 5 November 2010, reaching 7.844 million; total ridership amounted to 38.77 million over the entire workweek.[113][114] Provisional flow control measures were put into force at all stations, but were utterly inadequate to contain traffic far beyond the design capacity of the metro system.[114] Trains were often crammed, and stations were filled with people queuing in swarms to take a free ride.[115] Guangzhou Metro estimated that when the Asian Games opened, daily ridership would surpass 8 million.[114]

Five days after the free rides policy came into force, local authorities decided to rescind the free public transit offer starting from 8 November 2010 and replace it with a cash subsidy program as they deemed the enormous public response a potential security threat to the Games.[115] Registered households and migrant households with presence in the city longer than half a year would each receive a public transit subsidy of ¥150 in cash; individuals in corporate households would each receive ¥50. Residents could claim the subsidies between 12 January and 31 March 2011.[116] Public transit discount policies that were in effect before November 2010 remained unchanged.[117]

Kangwang Lu sinkhole incident

[edit]

Around 16:40 on 28 January 2013, in the immediate neighbourhood of the construction site of the Cultural Park Station of Line 6 on Kangwang Lu (Chinese: 康王路), a sinkhole of approximately 100 m2 in area and 10 m in depth collapsed, consuming several houses and trees.[118] Six collapses occurred within 40 minutes. Two more collapses occurred later at 21:45, when workers were pouring concrete into the sinkhole. Nearby roads were immediately closed for emergency engineering.[119] The affected section of Kangwang Lu remained closed until the Spring Festival holidays and was closed for a second time on 12 February due to discovery of additional risks.[120]

There were no casualties in the incident because metro construction workers detected geological anomalies 20 minutes before the initial collapse and promptly evacuated the neighbourhood.[119] The sinkhole caused disruptions to electricity, gas and water supplies and drainage pipelines. Preliminary analysis blamed the incident on inaccurate geological drawings used for underground blast operations.[121][122] In total, 412 households, 103 businesses and 69 warehouses were evacuated, and 257 residents were relocated.[123] Guangzhou Metro offered provisional compensations that amounted to ¥50,000 for each collapsed business and ¥2600 for each resident of the collapsed houses, among other compensations.[122]

Overseas business

[edit]

On February 25, 2020, the Guangzhou Metro Group and the Punjab Provincial Public Transport Authority of Pakistan signed a service contract for the operation and maintenance of the Orange Line of the Lahore Metro in Pakistan. The bid-winning consortium would undertake the operation and maintenance of the Lahore Metro Orange Line for eight years.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Line 1, Line 2, Line 3, Line 7, Line 8, Line 9, Line 13 and Guangfo Line
  2. ^ Line 18 and Line 22
  3. ^ Line 4, Line 5, Line 6, Line 14 and Line 21. Overhead lines with same voltage used in the depots.
  4. ^ APM Line
  5. ^ 271 stations if interchange stations are counted once. Nonoperational stations are not included.
  6. ^ The original text was "一个城市，没有地铁就没有现代化！".[8]
  7. ^ The State Planning Commission has since evolved into the National Development and Reform Commission.
  8. ^ The supplier had been Changchun Adtranz Railway Vehicles, a Sino-German joint venture. Bombardier assumed Adtranz's position after acquiring the latter soon after the deal with Guangzhou Metro was signed.
  9. ^ As of 28 December 2024.
  10. ^ The Shipaiqiao – Tianhe Coach Terminal section currently operates as part of Line 3.
  11. ^ All construction plans are subject to approval by national authorities. A line is considered "approved" in this table if the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) has greenlighted establishment of its construction project. For actual construction to start, the project must obtain follow-up approvals including the NDRC's endorsement of its feasibility study. The construction plan may not stabilise until construction starts. For this reason, discrepancies exist among certain references due to evolution of construction plans and inaccuracies in news reports. In general, more recent reports take priority over older ones.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f 头版头条：广州地铁“环”起来，11号线今日开通 [Guangzhou Subways will be "circled". Line 11 will be opened today]. Nandu.com. 28 December 2024. 开通后广州地铁运营总里程突破600公里，达到607.6公里，车站将增加至294座。
  2. ^ 集团简介 [Company Profile] (in Chinese). Guangzhou Metro. 2018. Archived from the original on 22 September 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  3. ^ 1062万人次！广州地铁单日客流再创新高 (in Simplified Chinese). Guangzhou Metro. 20 June 2019. Archived from the original on 30 August 2019. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  4. ^ 2019年报 / Annual Report 2019 (PDF) (in Simplified Chinese and English). Guangzhou Metro. 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  5. ^ 广州地铁2021年年报 [2021 Guangzhou Metro Annual Report] (PDF) (in Chinese and English). Guangzhou Metro Corporation. 2022. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  6. ^ 广州地铁五号线月底开通 [Guangzhou Metro Line 5 to open at end of month]. Nanfang Daily (in Simplified Chinese). 14 December 2009. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 21 January 2014.
  7. ^ a b Jin Shoujie; He Zhixin (2010). 广州市轨道交通接触网形式选择 [Selection of overhead catenary system for Guangzhou urban rail transit]. Urban Rapid Rail Transit (in Simplified Chinese). 23 (1). doi:10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2010.01.003.
  8. ^ a b c Yu Dingyu 2006, § 1–1.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g Yu Dingyu 2006, § 1–2.
  10. ^ a b c Yu Dingyu 2006, § 3–2.
  11. ^ a b 广州地铁发展历程 [Development of Guangzhou Metro] (in Simplified Chinese). NetEase. 29 September 2010. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 8 October 2010.
  12. ^ a b 地铁广佛线开通成就广佛人的梦想 [Dreams of Guangzhou, Foshan residents come true as Guangfo Metro opens]. Yangcheng Evening News (in Simplified Chinese). 27 October 2010. Archived from the original on 4 November 2010. Retrieved 29 October 2010.
  13. ^ 广州地铁 全程为你--公司新闻. gzmtr.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
  14. ^ 广州地铁上半年运客超13亿人次 [Guangzhou Metro First Half of 2017 Provided 1.3 billion rides.] (in Simplified Chinese). Sina Corp. 2017. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
  15. ^ 首尾班车时刻表 [Schedules of first and last trains] (in Simplified Chinese). Guangzhou Metro Corporation. Archived from the original on 31 December 2013. Retrieved 24 November 2010.
  16. ^ Burroughs, David (28 September 2020). "China debuts 160km/h metro train for Guangzhou". International Railway Journal. Retrieved 27 May 2023.
  17. ^ "Guangzhou is Home to China's Fastest Subway Train". That's Guangzhou Online. 29 March 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2023.
  18. ^ 广东省志·政权志 [Annal of Regimes, Annals of Guangdong] (in Simplified Chinese). Local Records Office of People's Government of Guangdong. Archived from the original on 30 November 2012. Retrieved 25 November 2010.
  19. ^ "地下腾龙 三十九年圆梦". Archived from the original on 2 September 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
  20. ^ "往事：广州地下腾龙 三十九年圆地铁梦_新闻中心_新浪网". news.sina.com.cn. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
  21. ^ "SYSTRA(上海)-公司业绩". systra.com.cn. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
  22. ^ Yu Dingyu 2006, § 2–1.
  23. ^ 广州地铁一号线今告建成 [Guangzhou Metro Line 1 completed today]. Nanfang Daily (in Simplified Chinese). 28 December 1998. Retrieved 4 December 2010.
  24. ^ 塞车被骂得最厉害,不建地铁不行 [Traffic congestion was most criticized, therefore metro was a must]. Southern Metropolis Daily (in Simplified Chinese). 26 October 2010. Archived from the original on 7 June 2015. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
  25. ^ Yu Dingyu 2006, § 3–3.
  26. ^ 广州地铁今起封闭调试6月28日正式营运 [Guangzhou Metro closed for testing today, to start operation on 28 June]. Guangzhou Daily (in Simplified Chinese). 3 March 1999. Retrieved 4 December 2010.
  27. ^ "Siemens wins two orders to extend metro systems in Shanghai and Guangzhou". Siemens. 18 December 2007. Archived from the original on 4 February 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
  28. ^ a b c Yu Dingyu 2006, § 6–3.
  29. ^ 广州地铁历程回顾 [History of Guangzhou Metro] (in Simplified Chinese). Sina Corp. 23 December 2002. Archived from the original on 11 October 2003. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
  30. ^ 广州地铁二号线首段开通 市民评议挑出瑕疵 [First section of Guangzhou Metro Line 2 opens, critiqued by local residents]. Information Times (in Simplified Chinese). 30 December 2002. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
  31. ^ a b 广州地铁二号线贯通 地铁公司将成为特大型企业 [Guangzhou Metro Line 2 opens, metro company to become a large-scale enterprise] (in Simplified Chinese). China News Service. 29 June 2003. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
  32. ^ a b 赵新文 揭秘广佛地铁的心路历程 [Zhao Xinwen recounts the history of Guangfo Metro] (in Simplified Chinese). Foshan Daily. 6 November 2010. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
  33. ^ a b "广州地铁运营里程将突破500公里". 19 December 2019.
  34. ^ "Guangzhou Metro". UrbanRail.net. Archived from the original on 2 March 2010. Retrieved 10 October 2010.
  35. ^ "Guangzhou Metro Light Rail System, China". railway-technology.com. Retrieved 10 October 2010.
  36. ^ Cai Xiong (26 December 2005). "Fastest advanced metro starts service". China Daily (in Simplified Chinese). Retrieved 10 October 2010.
  37. ^ "广州地铁三号线东延段11月1日开通" [Guangzhou Metro Line 3 East Extension to open on November 1] (in Simplified Chinese). 30 October 2024.
  38. ^ 明天下午2时地铁直达白云机场 [Metro reaches Baiyun Airport tomorrow 2 pm]. Yangcheng Evening News (in Simplified Chinese). 29 October 2010. Archived from the original on 7 November 2010. Retrieved 10 November 2010.
  39. ^ a b 2020年轨道交通线网规划 [Layout of 2020 rail transit network]. Yangcheng Evening News (in Simplified Chinese). 27 April 2010. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2010.
  40. ^ 地铁3号线今起全线车厢'3变6' 拥挤确有缓解 [All metro Line 3 trains reconfigured from 3-car to 6-car today, crowding indeed relieved]. Yangcheng Evening News (in Simplified Chinese). 28 April 2010. Retrieved 6 October 2010.
  41. ^ 广州地铁3号线将加开同和-大石早高峰短线. gd.qq.com (in Chinese (China)). Archived from the original on 20 August 2016.
  42. ^ "20-meter-high elevated section of Metro Line 4 to open by year's-end". NEWSGD.com. 7 July 2006. Retrieved 10 October 2010.
  43. ^ "Metro line No. 4 to link Jinzhou by the end of June". NEWSGD.com. 28 April 2007. Retrieved 10 October 2010.
  44. ^ 广州地铁四号线大学城专线下月26日试运行 [Higher Education Mega Center Line of Guangzhou Metro Line 4 to start trial operation on 26th of next month]. Guangzhou Daily (in Simplified Chinese). 28 November 2005. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 4 October 2010.
  45. ^ 地铁六号线二期工程正式启动 [Construction of 2nd phase of Metro Line 6 officially starts] (in Simplified Chinese). Guangzhou Metro Daily. 21 June 2011. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
  46. ^ 地铁七号线9座车站6座已动工 [Six of nine stations of metro Line 7 under construction]. Information Times (in Simplified Chinese). 19 April 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2013.
  47. ^ 光大花园维权记 [Rights defending at Guangda Garden]. Time Weekly (in Simplified Chinese). 9 September 2010. Retrieved 4 October 2010.
  48. ^ a b c 地铁八号线西延段 广佛线今开通 [West extension of metro Line 8, Guangfo Metro opens today]. Southern Metropolis Daily (in Simplified Chinese). 3 November 2010. Archived from the original on 6 November 2010. Retrieved 3 November 2010.
  49. ^ "地铁十一号线26座口袋公园"扮靓"广州" [26 pocket parks on Metro Line 11 "beautify" Guangzhou] (in Chinese (China)). Guangzhou Metro. 26 December 2024. Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  50. ^ "广州地铁21号线年底分段开通？多个站点再更名！". Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  51. ^ 广州市轨道交通十一号线工程环境影响报告书简本 [Environment Impact Report of Guangzhou Metro Line 11 Construction Project (Abridge Edition)] (in Simplified Chinese). China Railway Siyuan Survey and Design Group Co., Ltd. December 2013. Archived from the original on 15 January 2014. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
  52. ^ Jiang Chang (31 March 2022). "1st section of Guangzhou metro Line 22 opens on March 31". GDToday.
  53. ^ "Siemens to supply advanced signalling systems, train control and propulsion system for Pearl River Delta Intercity Rapid Transit of Guangzhou to Foshan Section (Guangfo Line)". Siemens. 30 December 2008. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 6 October 2010.
  54. ^ a b c Zhang Yuan (1 June 2010). 与亚运有约 促广佛同城————访广东广佛轨道交通有限公司总经理徐一平 [Serving Asian Games and promoting Guangzhou-Foshan integration: Interview with Xu Yiping, General Manager of Guangdong Guangfo Inter-City Co., Ltd.] (in Simplified Chinese). CCMetro.com. Archived from the original on 20 November 2010. Retrieved 6 October 2010.
  55. ^ 八千万"候鸟"的三年同城旅程 [80 million "migratory birds'" three-year intercity journeys]. Yangcheng Evening News (in Simplified Chinese). 1 November 2013. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
  56. ^ 广佛线风雨坎坷路. Nanfang Daily (in Simplified Chinese). 29 October 2010. Retrieved 29 October 2010.
  57. ^ 广东省广州市发改委关于珠江新城核心区市政交通项目旅客自动输送系统工程项目核准的批复 [Reply of Development and Reform Commission of Guangzhou, Guangdong on ratification of engineering project of Automated People Mover System of Zhujiang New Town Core District Municipal Traffic Project] (in Simplified Chinese). Development and Reform Commission of Guangzhou. 2 September 2009. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 22 November 2010.
  58. ^ "APM to operate in Guangzhou early next month". Lifeofguangzhou.com. 21 October 2010. Retrieved 22 November 2010.
  59. ^ "赤岗塔站"改名"广州塔站" [Chigang Pagoda Station renamed Canton Tower Station]. Yangcheng Evening News (in Simplified Chinese). 30 October 2013. Archived from the original on 15 January 2014. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
  60. ^ a b c 六千人首试乘APM 海心沙赤岗塔站封闭 [6,000 try out APM; Haixinsha, Chigang Pagoda Stations remain closed] (in Simplified Chinese). New Express Daily. 9 November 2010. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 12 November 2010.
  61. ^ 开幕式三号线特定段停运 非管制站通宵运营 [Designated sections of metro Line 3 to close during Asian Games opening ceremony, unrestricted stations to operate overnight] (in Simplified Chinese). New Express Daily. 11 November 2010. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
  62. ^ APM线海心沙站终启用 出站只能购票进公园 [APM Haixinsha Station finally opens, with exit to only paid entry into Asian Games Park] (in Simplified Chinese). Dayoo.com. 24 February 2011. Archived from the original on 6 October 2011. Retrieved 3 July 2011.
  63. ^ "广州市轨道交通新线建设概况及进展" [Overview and construction progress of new transit lines in Guangzhou] (in Chinese (China)). Guangzhou Metro. 5 December 2024. Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  64. ^ Jerry (13 July 2021). "High-speed metro lines to connect Guangzhou with Foshan, Dongguan, Zhongshan, and Zhuhai". Newsgd.com.
  65. ^ "The Third Announcement of Guangzhou East to Huadu Tiangui Intercity Environmental Impact Assessment" 广州东至花都天贵城际环境影响评价第三次公告 (PDF) (in Chinese (China)). Guangzhou Metro Group. 12 July 2021. p. 88. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 July 2021. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
  66. ^ Wang, Shaodi (王召娣). 广州东部交通2018年全面爆发！_房产新闻库_南方网. house.southcn.com. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  67. ^ 构建立体化交通网络 加快融入粤港澳大湾区_新闻_电子报_惠州_惠州日报_东江时报_惠州报业传媒集团. e.hznews.com. Archived from the original on 3 February 2018. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  68. ^ 罗浮山、龙门有望对接广州地铁-南方都市报·奥一网. epaper.oeeee.com. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  69. ^ "广州、中山将进一步加强交通对接 推动地铁18号线延伸至中山". news.ycwb.com. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
  70. ^ "广清地铁规划出炉，18、24号线站点曝光，直通清远_广州". Sohu.
  71. ^ 基本票价 [Base fares] (in Simplified Chinese). Guangzhou Metro Corporation. Archived from the original on 1 December 2010. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
  72. ^ 关于2010年广州地铁线网票价的批复 [Reply on 2010 Guangzhou Metro fares] (in Simplified Chinese). Bureau of Commodity Prices of Guangzhou. 26 July 2010. Archived from the original on 5 August 2012. Retrieved 4 October 2010.
  73. ^ 地铁去机场明起省5元 [Metro rides to airport to be ¥5 cheaper]. Guangzhou Daily (in Simplified Chinese). 30 October 2010. Archived from the original on 30 October 2011. Retrieved 30 October 2010.
  74. ^ 票务规则 [Ticketing rules] (in Simplified Chinese). Guangzhou Metro Corporation. Archived from the original on 1 December 2010. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
  75. ^ a b 车票种类 [Ticket types] (in Simplified Chinese). Guangzhou Metro Corporation. Archived from the original on 1 December 2010. Retrieved 6 October 2010.
  76. ^ 公交地铁票务新优惠指南 [Guide of new discounts for bus and metro tickets] (in Simplified Chinese). Guangzhou Yang Cheng Tong Co., Ltd. Retrieved 19 July 2010.
  77. ^ "Lingnan Tong transport cards valid across the PRD". Guangzhou International. 8 November 2010. Retrieved 22 November 2010.
  78. ^ 羊城通亚运前刷通广东五市 '岭南通'今日首发 [Yang Cheng Tong to become valid in five Guangdong cities before Asia Games, Lingnan Pass launches today]. Guangzhou Daily (in Simplified Chinese). 8 November 2010. Archived from the original on 13 November 2010. Retrieved 22 November 2010.
  79. ^ 广州地铁元旦起发行日票 [Guangzhou Metro starts issuing day passes on New Year's Day] (in Simplified Chinese). Guangzhou Metro Corporation. 6 January 2013. Archived from the original on 11 January 2013. Retrieved 11 January 2013.
  80. ^ 公交地铁坐得多才能享优惠 [Discounts only available to frequent bus and metro riders]. Information Times (in Simplified Chinese). 29 September 2008. Retrieved 10 October 2010.
  81. ^ 广州地铁限次月票今起取消 [Guangzhou Metro limited-ride monthly passes discontinued today]. Nanfang Daily (in Simplified Chinese). 1 May 2010. Archived from the original on 3 May 2010. Retrieved 10 October 2010.
  82. ^ a b c d e 广州地铁宣布正式取消家属免费乘坐政策 [Guangzhou Metro announces official cancellation of policy allowing free rides for relatives of employees]. Southern Metropolis Daily (in Simplified Chinese). 16 December 2005. Retrieved 10 October 2010.
  83. ^ a b c 地铁员工亲属免票达1.8万人遭质疑 [Free access for up to 18,000 relatives of metro employees questioned] (in Simplified Chinese). New Express Daily. 13 December 2005. Retrieved 10 October 2010.
  84. ^ 南方时评：地铁公司焉能助长搭便车之风 [Editorial: Guangzhou Metro should not encourage free ride practices]. Nanfang Daily (in Simplified Chinese). 14 December 2005. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 10 October 2010.
  85. ^ 广州地铁：'家属免票'是反恐需要？ [Guangzhou Metro: 'Free rides for relatives' for the sake of counter-terrorism?]. Yangcheng Evening News (in Simplified Chinese). 13 December 2005. Retrieved 10 October 2010.
  86. ^ "1151.71万人次，广州地铁单日客流创年内新高！_广州日报大洋网". news.dayoo.com. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
  87. ^ "广州地铁三号线新机场线17公里高架改走地下". 15 May 2007.
  88. ^ a b 八年苦战 六号线终破茧 [Line 6 to open after 8 difficult years of construction]. Guangzhou Daily (in Simplified Chinese). 25 December 2013. Archived from the original on 25 December 2013. Retrieved 26 December 2013.
  89. ^ Huang, Jiayu (黄嘉瑜). 穗地铁3号线列车多了 等车时间却长了?_广州新闻_广州大洋网. news.dayoo.com. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
  90. ^ "3号线日均客流量破200万人次 高峰期增加空车". sohu.com. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
  91. ^ 1024.1万！春运收官日广州地铁客流再创新高 (in Simplified Chinese). Guangzhou Metro. 4 March 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  92. ^ "详情". camet.org.cn. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
  93. ^ 地铁六号线设22个站点 [Metro Line 6 to have 22 stations]. Guangzhou Daily (in Simplified Chinese). 10 July 2009. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
  94. ^ 6号线仅4车厢，让人怎么挤. Information Times (in Simplified Chinese). 15 July 2009. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
  95. ^ 六号线仅设计4节车厢三号线挤爆场面将重演? [Line 6 designed with only four-car trains, overcrowding of Line 3 to repeat?]. Nanfang Daily (in Simplified Chinese). 15 July 2009. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
  96. ^ 六号线仍用四节车厢市民担心到时很拥挤 [Line 6 to use four-car trains as planned, residents concerned about overcrowding]. Yangcheng Evening News (in Simplified Chinese). 16 July 2009. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
  97. ^ 站台设计只能容下四节车厢 [Platform design [of Line 6] can accommodate only four cars] (in Simplified Chinese). New Express Daily. 17 July 2009. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
  98. ^ 广州地铁 全程为你--公司新闻. gzmtr.com. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
  99. ^ 中秋假期广州地铁日均客流730万人次- 新华网. Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on 17 September 2016. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
  100. ^ Li, Jian (李健). 广州地铁六号线运力再升级！间隔首次压缩到小于3分钟_广州日报大洋网. news.dayoo.com (in Chinese (China)). Retrieved 4 May 2018.
  101. ^ 广州市长陈建华坦承地铁6号线规划预见性不够 [Guangzhou mayor Chen Jianhua admits planning of Metro Line 6 lacked foresight] (in Simplified Chinese). nfdaily.cn. 4 November 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
  102. ^ a b c d e 广州地铁三号线北延段验收作假？ [Fraud in inspection-on-acceptance of north extension of Guangzhou Metro Line 3?]. New Express Daily. 11 October 2010. Archived from the original on 17 October 2010. Retrieved 11 October 2010.
  103. ^ a b c d 广州三号线北延段有问题？ [North extension of Guangzhou Metro Line 3 problematic?]. Southern Metropolis Daily (in Simplified Chinese). 12 October 2010. Archived from the original on 14 October 2010. Retrieved 12 October 2010.
  104. ^ a b 记者探访施工方 项目经理都'休假' [Correspondent visits constructor, project manager 'on vacation'] (in Simplified Chinese). New Express Daily. 12 October 2010. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2010.
  105. ^ 广州地铁三号线北延段隧道结构安全 可如期开通 [Tunnel structure of north extension of Guangzhou Metro Line 3 is safe, will open on schedule]. Nanfang Daily (in Simplified Chinese). 12 October 2010. Archived from the original on 19 October 2010. Retrieved 12 October 2010.
  106. ^ 广州地铁三号线调查结果：确有不达标问题 但不需加强或重做 [Conclusions of Guangzhou Metro Line 3 investigation: quality standard indeed not met, but no strengthening or rebuild needed]. Southern Weekly (in Simplified Chinese). 15 October 2010. Retrieved 29 October 2010.
  107. ^ '通道水泥硬度不达标不影响主隧道安全' [Below-standard strength of cement in passages does not affect safety of main tunnels]. Southern Metropolis Daily (in Simplified Chinese). 19 October 2010. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 29 October 2010.
  108. ^ 张广宁：想给市民送'亚运大礼包' [Zhang Guangning: intending to give an "Asian Games gift package" to residents]. Yangcheng Evening News (in Simplified Chinese). 6 January 2010. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
  109. ^ 亚运大礼包公布 全城市民30天免费乘公交 [Asia Games gift package announced, residents to enjoy 30-day free public transit] (in Simplified Chinese). dayoo.com. 27 September 2010. Archived from the original on 30 September 2010. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
  110. ^ "Guangzhou restricts traffic for green Asian Games". China Radio International. Xinhua. 1 November 2010. Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
  111. ^ 多个地铁站仍须控客流 [Flow control still in effect at multiple metro stations]. Yangcheng Evening News (in Simplified Chinese). 2 November 2010. Archived from the original on 5 November 2010. Retrieved 2 November 2010.
  112. ^ 513万客流扑向国庆地铁 [5.13 million rides hit metro on National Day]. Yangcheng Evening News (in Simplified Chinese). 2 October 2010. Archived from the original on 6 October 2010. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
  113. ^ 第二届地铁春联今起征集 [Second Metro Spring Duilian Contest starts today] (in Simplified Chinese). Guangzhou Metro Daily. 10 January 2011. Archived from the original on 17 March 2012. Retrieved 23 January 2010.
  114. ^ a b c 首个免费周地铁日均客流超750万 [Metro daily ridership averages over 7.5 million in first free rides week]. Southern Metropolis Daily (in Simplified Chinese). 6 November 2010. Archived from the original on 9 November 2010. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
  115. ^ a b "China shuts free-ride scheme for Asiad following huge response". Xinhua News Agency. 7 November 2010. Archived from the original on 23 November 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
  116. ^ 亚运公交补贴明起发放 市民可打电话咨询 [Asian Games public transit subsidies to be given out tomorrow; residents can enquire over phone] (in Simplified Chinese). New Express Daily. 11 January 2011. Archived from the original on 1 January 2013. Retrieved 24 January 2010.
  117. ^ 关于调整广州亚运会亚残运会期间公共交通惠民措施的通告 [Announcement of adjustments to public transit benefits during Guangzhou Asian Games and Asian Para Games] (in Simplified Chinese). Communications Commission of Guangzhou; Guangzhou Metro Corporation. 6 November 2010. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
  118. ^ 好大一个坑 吞楼又吞树 [Big hole consumes houses and trees]. Southern Metropolis Daily (in Simplified Chinese). 29 January 2013. Archived from the original on 11 April 2013. Retrieved 15 February 2013.
  119. ^ a b 地质与图纸不符爆破致地陷 [Blast operation based on inaccurate drawings caused sinkhole]. Information Times (in Simplified Chinese). 29 January 2013. Archived from the original on 3 January 2014. Retrieved 15 February 2013.
  120. ^ 广州康王南路下陷路段再封闭 [Sunken section of Kangwang Nanlu in Guangzhou closed again]. Southern Metropolis Daily (in Simplified Chinese). 12 February 2013. Archived from the original on 11 April 2013. Retrieved 15 February 2013.
  121. ^ 塌拆商铺补贴5万元 每户搬家费2000元 [¥50,000 compensation for each collapsed/demolished business, ¥2000 for each relocated household]. Southern Metropolis Daily (in Simplified Chinese). 31 January 2013. Archived from the original on 11 April 2013. Retrieved 15 February 2013.
  122. ^ a b 已塌档口每户临时补贴5万元 [Collapsed businesses to receive ¥50,000 in provisional compensation]. Southern Metropolis Daily (in Simplified Chinese). 31 January 2013. Archived from the original on 11 April 2013. Retrieved 15 February 2013.
  123. ^ 30日康王路塌陷事件进展 [30 January status report of Kangwang Lu sinkhole incident] (in Simplified Chinese). Guangzhou Metro. 30 January 2013. Archived from the original on 11 April 2013. Retrieved 15 February 2013.

Bibliography

[edit]
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Guangzhou Metro.

23°06′32″N 113°15′53″E / 23.1089°N 113.2647°E / 23.1089; 113.2647

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guangzhou_Metro&oldid=1266041749"