List of Egyptian deities
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Ancient Egyptian deities were an integral part of ancient Egyptian religion and were worshiped for millennia. Many of them ruled over natural and social phenomena, as well as abstract concepts.[1] These gods and goddesses appear in virtually every aspect of ancient Egyptian civilization, and more than 1,500 of them are known by name. Many Egyptian texts mention deities' names without indicating their character or role, while other texts refer to specific deities without even stating their name, so a complete list of them is difficult to assemble.[2]
Major deities
[edit]Gods
[edit]- Aker – A god of Earth and the horizon[3]
- Amun – A creator god, patron deity of the city of Thebes, and the preeminent deity in ancient Egypt during the New Kingdom[4]
- Anhur – A god of war and hunting[5][6][7]
- Anubis – The god of funerals, embalming and protector of the dead[8]
- Aten – Sun disk deity who became the focus of the monolatrous or monotheistic Atenist belief system in the reign of Akhenaten. Was also the literal sun disk.[9]
- Atum – A creator god and solar deity, first god of the Ennead[10]
- Bennu – A solar and creator deity, depicted as a heron[11]
- Geb – An earth god and member of the Ennead[12]
- Hapi – Personification of the Nile flood[13]
- Horus – A major god, usually shown as a falcon or as a human child, linked with the sky, the sun, kingship, protection, and healing. Often said to be the son of Osiris and Isis.[14]
- Khepri – A solar creator god, often treated as the morning aspect of Ra and represented by a scarab beetle[15]
- Khnum – A ram god, the patron deity of Elephantine, who was said to control the Nile flood and give life to gods and humans[16][17]
- Khonsu – A moon god, son of Amun and Mut[18]
- Maahes (Mahes, Mihos) – A lion god, son of Bastet[19][20][6]
- Montu – A god of war and the sun, worshiped at Thebes[21]
- Nefertum – God of the lotus blossom from which the sun god rose at the beginning of time. Son of Ptah and Sekhmet.[22]
- Nemty – Falcon god, worshiped in Middle Egypt,[23] who appears in myth as a ferryman for greater gods[24]
- Neper – A god of grain[25]
- Osiris – god of death and resurrection who rules the Underworld and enlivens vegetation, the sun god, and deceased souls[26]
- Ptah – A creator deity and god of craftsmen, the patron god of Memphis[27]
- Set – An ambivalent god, characterized by violence, chaos, and strength, connected with the desert. Mythological murderer of Osiris and enemy of Horus, but also a supporter of the Pharaoh.[28]
- Shu – Embodiment of wind or air, a member of the Ennead[29]
- Sobek – crocodile god, worshiped in the Faiyum and at Kom Ombo[30]
- Sopdu – A god of the sky and of Egypt's eastern border regions[31]
- Thoth – A moon god, and a god of writing and scribes, and patron deity of Hermopolis[32]
- Wadj-wer – Personification of the Mediterranean sea or lakes of the Nile Delta[33]
Goddesses
[edit]- Amunet – Female counterpart of Amun and a member of the Ogdoad[3]
- Anput – The goddess of funerals, embalming and protector of the dead, female counterpart to Anubis[8]
- Anuket – A feathered headdress wearing goddess of Egypt's southern frontier regions, particularly the lower cataracts of the Nile[34][7]
- Bastet – Goddess represented as a cat or lioness, patroness of the city of Bubastis, linked with protection from evil[35]
- Bat – cow goddess from early in Egyptian history, eventually absorbed by Hathor[36]
- Hathor (Egyptian: Het-Hert) – One of the most important goddesses, linked with the sky, the sun, sexuality and motherhood, music and dance, foreign lands and goods, and the afterlife. One of many forms of the Eye of Ra. She is often depicted as a cow.[37]
- Heqet – Frog goddess said to protect women in childbirth[38]
- Hesat – A maternal cow goddess[39][40]
- Imentet (Amentet) – An afterlife goddess closely linked with Isis and Hathor[41][20]
- Isis – Wife of Osiris and mother of Horus, linked with funerary rites, motherhood, protection, and magic. She became a major deity in Greek and Roman religion.[42]
- Maat – Goddess who personified truth, justice, and order[43]
- Menhit – A lioness goddess[44]
- Mut – Consort of Amun, worshiped at Thebes[45]
- Neith – A creator and hunter goddess, patron of the city of Sais in Lower Egypt[46]
- Nekhbet – A vulture goddess, the tutelary deity of Upper Egypt[47]
- Nephthys (Egyptian: Nebet-Het) – A member of the Ennead, the consort of Set, who mourned Osiris alongside Isis[48]
- Nepit – A goddess of grain, female counterpart of Neper[49]
- Nut – A sky goddess, a member of the Ennead[50]
- Pakhet – A lioness goddess mainly worshiped in the area around Beni Hasan[51]
- Renenutet – An agricultural goddess[52]
- Satet – A goddess of Egypt's southern frontier regions[53][6]
- Sekhmet – A lioness goddess, both destructive and violent and capable of warding off disease, protector of the Pharaohs who led them in war, the consort of Ptah and one of many forms of the Eye of Ra.[54]
- Tefnut – lioness goddess of moisture and a member of the Ennead[55]
- Wadjet – A cobra goddess, the tutelary deity of Lower Egypt[56]
- Wosret (Egyptian: Usret) – A goddess of Thebes[57]
Hermaphroditic forms
[edit]- Hapi – Personification of the Nile flood[13]
- Heh – Personification of infinity and a member of the Ogdoad[58]
- Kek – The god of Chaos and Darkness, as well as being the concept of primordial darkness. Kek's female form is known as Kauket.
- Nu – Personification of the formless, watery disorder from which the world emerged at creation and a member of the Ogdoad[59]
- Ra – The foremost Egyptian sun god, involved in creation and the afterlife. Mythological ruler of the gods, father of every Egyptian Pharaoh, and the patron god of Heliopolis.[60]
- Tatenen – Personification of the first mound of earth to emerge from chaos in ancient Egyptian creation myths[61]
Minor deities
[edit]Male
[edit]- Aani – A protector ape headed god[40]
- Aati – One of the 42 judges of the souls of the dead[40]
- Abu – Abu was an early Egyptian god of Light that was likely worshiped in the city of Elephantine.[62]
- Am-heh – A dangerous Underworld god[63]
- Amenhotep I – The second Pharaoh of the eighteenth dynasty, deified[64]
- Amenhotep son of Hapu – A scribe and architect in the court of Amenhotep III, later deified for his wisdom[63]
- Amu-Aa – A god who accompanies Osiris during the second hour of the night[40]
- An-a-f – One of the 42 judges of the souls of the dead[40]
- An-hetep-f – One of the 42 judges of the souls of the dead[40]
- An-mut-f
- An-tcher-f[40]
- Andjety – A god of the ninth nome of Upper Egypt[65]
- Ani – A god of festivals[40]
- Anti – A hawk god of Upper Egypt[17]
- Apedemak – A warlike lion god from Nubia who appears in some Egyptian-built temples in Lower Nubia[66]
- Apep – A serpent deity who personified malevolent chaos and was said to fight Ra in the Underworld every night[67]
- Āpesh – A turtle god[68]
- Apis – A live bull worshiped as a god at Memphis and seen as a manifestation of Ptah[69]
- Arensnuphis – A Nubian deity who appears in Egyptian temples in Lower Nubia in the Greco-Roman era[70]
- Asclepius – A Greek god worshiped in ancient Egypt at Saqqara
- Ash – A god of the Libyan Desert and oases west of Egypt[71]
- Astennu – A baboon god associated with Thoth.
- Ba – A god of fertility[20]
- Ba-Ra[40]
- Baal – Sky and storm god from Syria and Canaan, worshiped in ancient Egypt during the New Kingdom[72]
- Babi – A baboon god characterized by sexuality and aggression[73]
- Banebdjedet – A ram god, patron of the city of Mendes[74]
- Ba-Pef – A little-known Underworld deity; ram-headed god of the eighth hour[75][76]
- Bata –A bull god, the brother of Anubis[77]
- Bes – Apotropaic god, represented as a dwarf, particularly important in protecting children and women in childbirth[78]
- Buchis – A live bull god worshiped in the region around Thebes and a manifestation of Montu[79]
- Dedun – A Nubian god, said to provide the Egyptians with incense and other resources that came from Nubia[80]
- Denwen – A serpent and dragon god[17]
- Djebuty – Tutelary god of Djeba[81]
- Djefa – God of abundance[82]
- Dionysus-Osiris – A life-death-rebirth god.
- Fa – A god of destiny[40]
- Fetket – A butler of Ra[6]
- Gengen Wer – A celestial goose god who guarded the celestial egg containing the life force[17]
- Ha – A god of the Libyan Desert and oases west of Egypt[13]
- Ḥapy – A son of Horus[83]
- Hapy-Wet – God of the Nile in heaven[40]
- Hardedef (Djedefhor) – Son of Pharaoh Khufu who was deified after death because he wrote a book considered to be the work of a god[17]
- Harmachis – Sphinx god[40]
- Harsomtus – A child god of Edfu[84]
- Haurun – A protector and healing god, originally a Canaanite god[17]
- Heka – Personification of magic[85]
- Heneb – A god of grain[40]
- Henkhisesui – God of the east wind[40]
- Heru-Khu – A god in the fifth division of Duat[40]
- Hery-sha-duat – Underworld god in charge of the fields of Duat[40]
- Heryshaf – Ram god worshiped at Herakleopolis Magna[86]
- Hu – Personification of the authority of the spoken word[87]
- Iah – A moon god[88][20][6]
- Igai – God of oases and Egypt's Western Desert[89]
- Ihy (Ihu) – A child deity born to Horus and Hathor, representing the music and joy produced by the sistrum[20][90]
- Imhotep – Architect and Vizier to Djoser, eventually deified as a healer god[91]
- Jupiter-Amum – A Roman influenced god worshiped at the Siwa Oasis in Egypt[17]
- Kagemni – A Vizier to Sneferu who wrote the Instructions of Kagemni, later deified[17]
- Khentekhtai – crocodile god worshiped at Athribis[17]
- Khenti-Amenti(u) – A necropolis deity[40][92]
- Khenti-qerer[40]
- Kherty – A Underworld god, usually depicted as a ram[93]
- Khesfu – A god who carries a spear in the tenth division of Duat[40]
- Kneph – A ram creator god[20]
- Mandulis – A Lower Nubian solar deity who appeared in some Egyptian temples[94]
- Mehen – A serpent god who protects the barque of Ra as it travels through the Underworld[95]
- Mestȧ – A son of Horus[83]
- Min – A god of virility, as well as the cities of Akhmim and Qift and the Eastern Desert beyond them[96]
- Mnevis – A live bull god worshiped at Heliopolis as a manifestation of Ra[97]
- Nefer Hor – A son of Thoth[40]
- Neferhotep – Son of Hathor[84]
- Nehebu-Kau – A protective serpent god[98]
- Panebtawy – A child god, son of Horus the Elder[6]
- Petbe – God of revenge[20]
- Peteese – Brother of Pihor who drowned in the Nile, later deified[17]
- Pihor – Brother of Peteese who drowned in the Nile, later deified[17]
- Ptah-hotep – Writer of a Wisdom Text, later deified[17]
- Qebeḥsenuf – A son of Horus[83]
- Qebui – God of the north winds[40]
- Ra-ateni[40]
- Rā-Ḥerakhty – A form of Ra in which he is joined with Horus.
- Rem – fish god and the personification of Ra's tears.
- Reshep – A Syrian war god adopted into Egyptian religion in the New Kingdom, depicted with beard and the crown of Upper Egypt[99][100]
- Sah – Personification of the constellation Orion[17]
- Sebeg – Personification of the planet Mercury[101]
- Sebiumeker – Guardian god of procreation and fertility, he was a major god in Meroe, Kush[17]
- Sed – A jackal deity who protected kingship[17]
- Seker – God of the Memphite Necropolis and of the afterlife in general[102]
- Sekhemus – God of the fourth hour of Duat[40]
- Sepa – A centipede god who protected people from snake bites[17]
- Sepes – A god who lived in a tree[40]
- Sepṭu – A bearded plume wearing god[100]
- Serapis – A Greco-Egyptian god from the Ptolemaic Period who fused traits of Osiris and Apis with those of several Greek gods. Husband of Isis who, like her, was adopted into Greek and Roman religion outside Egypt.[103]
- Seta-Ta – A mummified god in the fourth division of Duat[40]
- Setcheh – A serpent demon[40]
- Setem – A god of healing[40]
- Shed – A god believed to save people from danger and misfortune[104]
- Shehbui – God of the south wind
- Shezmu – A god of wine, Blood, and oil presses who also slaughters condemned souls[105]
- Sia – Personification of perception[106]
- Sopd – God of the eastern delta[101]
- Ṭuamutef – A son of Horus[83]
- Tutu – An apotropaic god from the Greco-Roman era[107]
- Weneg – A plant god and son of Ra who maintains cosmic order[33][20]
- Wenenu – A protector god[17]
- Wepwawet – A jackal god, the patron deity of Asyut, connected with warfare and the afterlife[108]
- Yam – A Syrian god of the sea who appears in some Egyptian texts[109]
Female
[edit]- Ahti – A malevolent hippopotamus goddess[110]
- Amathaunta – An ocean goddess[20]
- Ammit – Goddess who devoured condemned souls[111]
- Amn – A goddess who welcomed souls of the dead in the Underworld[20]
- Anat (Anta) – A war and fertility goddess, originally from Syria, who entered Egyptian religion in the Middle Kingdom. A daughter of Re, thus, in Egypt, a sister of Astarte.[112][7][113]
- Anhefta – A protective spirit who guards one end of the ninth division of Duat[40]
- Anit – Wife of Andjety[20]
- Anuke – A war goddess[17]
- Ảpet – A solar disc wearing goddess worshiped at Thebes[7]
- Astarte – A warrior goddess from Syria and Canaan who entered Egyptian religion in the New Kingdom[114]
- Ba'alat Gebal – A Canaanite goddess, patroness of the city of Byblos, adopted into Egyptian religion[115]
- Beset—Guardian of women in childbirth and infants who appeared during the Middle Kingdom. She may have been the mother of Bes.[116]
- Besna – Goddess of home security[20]
- Esna – A divine perch[17]
- Hatmehit – Fish goddess worshiped at Mendes[58]
- Hedetet – A minor scorpion goddess[117]
- Heptet – A knife holding goddess of death[40]
- Heret-Kau – A protector goddess who protected the souls of the dead in the afterlife[17]
- Hert-ketit-s – A lioness headed goddess in the eleventh division of Duat[40]
- Hert-Nemmat-Set – A goddess in the eleventh division of Duat who punishes the damned[40]
- Hert-sefu-s – A goddess in the eleventh division of Duat[40]
- Heru-pa-kaut – A mother goddess with a fish on her head[40]
- Heset – Goddess of food and drink[17]
- Hetepes-Sekhus – A personification of the eye of Ra, also a cobra goddess[17]
- Iabet – Goddess of fertility and rebirth[17]
- Iat – A goddess of milk and nursing[118]
- Ipy – A mother goddess depicted as a hippopotamus[17]
- Ishtar – The East Semitic version of Astarte, occasionally mentioned in Egyptian texts[119]
- Iusaaset (Ausaas) – A female counterpart to Atum; a solar disc wearing goddess worshiped at Heliopolis[120][121]
- Iw – A creation goddess[17]
- Kebehut – Daughter of Anubis, goddess of freshness, she helps him in mummifying dead bodies[6][40][17]
- Ken – Goddess of love[20]
- Khefthernebes – A funerary deity[122]
- Mafdet – A predatory goddess said to destroy dangerous creatures[123]
- Matit – A funerary cat goddess who had a cult center at Thinis[124]
- Mehet-Weret – A celestial cow goddess[95][125]
- Mehit – A warrior lioness goddess originally from Nubia worshiped at Abydos, consort of Anhur[44][17]
- Menhit – A solar lioness goddess who personified the brow of Ra[17]
- Meretseger – A cobra goddess who oversaw the Theban Necropolis[126]
- Meret – The goddess of music who established cosmic order[17]
- Meskhenet – A goddess who presided over childbirth[19]
- Nakith – A goddess of the Underworld[127]
- Naunet – female counterpart to Nun
- Nebethetepet – A female counterpart to Atum[22]
- Nebt-Ankhiu – A goddess of the Underworld[128]
- Nebt-Khu – A goddess of the Underworld[128]
- Nebt-Mat – A goddess of the Underworld[128]
- Nebt-Setau – A goddess of the Underworld[128]
- Nebt-Shat – A goddess of the Underworld[128]
- Nebt-Shefshefet – A goddess of the Underworld[128]
- Nefertari – The mother of Amenhotep I, deified[64]
- Nehmetawy – A minor goddess, the consort of Nehebu-Kau or Thoth[129]
- Pelican – Goddess of the dead[101]
- Perit – A goddess of the Underworld[130]
- Pesi – A goddess of the Underworld[130]
- Qererti[40]
- Qerhet – Goddess of the eight nomes of Lower Egypt[40]
- Qed-her – Gate Goddess of Duat[40]
- Qetesh – A goddess of sexuality and sacred ecstasy from Syria and Canaan, adopted into Egyptian religion in the New Kingdom[131]
- Raet-Tawy – A female counterpart to Ra[132]
- Rekhit – A goddess of the Underworld[133]
- Renpet – Goddess who personified the year[132]
- Sait – A goddess of the Underworld[134]
- Satis – Goddess of floods, war, hunting and fertility.
- Sefkhet-Abwy – Goddess of writing and temple libraries[6]
- Sehith – A goddess of the Underworld[135]
- Sekhat-Hor – A cow goddess[101]
- Sekhet-Metu – A goddess of the Underworld[135]
- Seret – A lioness goddess possibly originally from Libya[17]
- Serqet – A scorpion goddess, invoked for healing and protection[136]
- Sesenet-Khu – A goddess of the Underworld[137]
- Seshat – Goddess of writing and record-keeping, depicted as a scribe[138]
- Shemat-Khu – A goddess of the Underworld[139]
- Shentayet – A protective goddess possibly of widows[17]
- Shenty – A cow goddess[140]
- Shesmetet – A lioness goddess[104]
- Sopdet (Sothis) – Personification of the star Sirius, mother of Sopdu[17][141]
- Swenet – Goddess related to Aswan[142]
- Ta-Bitjet – A minor scorpion goddess[61]
- Tafner – A vulture headdress wearing goddess[143]
- Ta-Sent-Nefert – A wife of Horus the Elder[40]
- Taweret (Thoeris) – hippopotamus goddess, protector of women in childbirth[20][144]
- Tayt – Goddess of weaving[145][146]
- Temet – A female counterpart to Atum[147]
- Temtith – A goddess of the Underworld[148]
- Tenenet – Goddess of brewing and protection[17]
- Themath – A goddess of the Underworld[148]
- Thermuthis – Goddess of fate, fertility, and harvest[149]
- Thmei – Goddess of truth[150]
- Tjenmyt – Goddess of beer[101]
- Unut – A goddess represented as a snake or a hare, worshiped in the region of Hermopolis[151]
- Usit – A goddess of the Underworld[152]
- Wepset – A protector serpent goddess[17]
- Werethekau – A goddess who protected the Pharaoh[153][154]
Male or female
[edit]- Hedjhotep – God of fabrics and clothing[145]
- Shai – Personification of fate[155]
- Faltis – Personification of failure sculpture made by Khnum[156]
Objects
[edit]Lesser-known deities
[edit]Male
[edit]- Ȧakhu – God of the fifth Ảat[157]
- Ảakhu – A ram headed god[157]
- Ảakhu-ḥetch-t – A god of the dead[158]
- Ảakhu-ra – A singing god of dawn[158]
- Ảakhu-sa-ta-f – A warrior god[158]
- Ảakhui – A god with two lotus scepters[157]
- Ȧmi-beq – A god of the dead[159]
- Ảmi-haf – A god who has a harpoon[160]
- Ami-Ḥe-t-Serqet-Ka-hetep-t – A god[160]
- Ảmi-kar – A singing ape god[161]
- Ảmi-keḥau – A god[161]
- Ảmi-naut-f – A serpent god[159]
- Ảmi-nehţ-f – A god[160]
- Ảmi-neter – A singing god[160]
- Ảmi-Nu – A sky god[160]
- Ȧmi-Pe – A lion god[159]
- Ảmi-reţ – A god[160]
- Ảmi-seḥseḩ – A god[161]
- Ảmi-sekhet-f – A god of his domain[161]
- Ảmi-sepa-f – A god[161]
- Ảmi-suḥt-f – A god of the ninth Ảat[161]
- Ảmi-ta – A serpent god[161]
- Ảmi-ut – God of the ninth day of the month[159]
- Ảnmut-făbesh – A star god[162]
- Antywy – A god of the tenth nome of Upper Egypt[163] God of the sixth hour of night.[164]
- Aqen – A deity of the Underworld
- Ảri – The creative god[165]
- Ảri-em-ăua – God of the sixth hour of night[165]
- Ảri-en-ȧb-f – A blue eyed god[165]
- Ảri-ḥetch-f – A light god[165]
- Ảri-ren-f-tehesef – God of the tenth day of the month[165]
- Ảri-tchet-f – A god of the ninth day of the month[165]
- Ảrit-Ảmen – A god[165]
- Athpi – A god of dawn[166]
- Aati – A god that is one of the 42 judges of the dead[166]
- Ba – A ram god associated with virility[75]
- Ba-ảakhu-hā-f – A ram headed god[75]
- Ba-em-uār-ur – A god[75]
- Ba-ta – An ape god[75]
- Ba-tau – A god worshiped at Cynopolis[75]
- Ba-utcha-hāu-f – A ram-headed god[75]
- Ḥeb – A god[167]
- Ḥun-sāḥu – A god[168]
- Ḥutchai – The god of the west wind[167]
- Khenti-en-Sa-t – A star god[169]
- Khenti-heh-f – A knife-eyed god who guarded the tomb of Osiris[169]
- Khenti-ḥenthau – A god[169]
- Khenti-Ḥet Ȧnes – A god[169]
- Khenti-kha-t-ảnes – A knife-eyed god who guarded Osiris[169]
- Khenti-Khas – A god who protected noses of the dead[169]
- Maa-ảb-khenti-ảḥ-t-f – A god[170]
- Maa-ảtht-f – A god of the fourteenth Ảat[170]
- Maa-en-Rā – An ape doorkeeper god[170]
- Maa-f-ur – A god[170]
- Maa-ḥa-f – A ferry god[170]
- Maa-mer-f – God of the twenty-sixth day of the month[170]
- Maga – A crocodile god[171]
- Men-t – A god[172]
- Meni – A god[172]
- Menu – A god of the fifth month[172]
- Menu-nesu-Ḩeru – A warrior bull god[172]
- Menu-qeṭ – God of the first Ảat[172]
- Meţ-en-Ảsảr – A serpent god[173]
- Meţ-ḥer – A god of the dead[173]
- Meṭes – A god[173]
- Meţes – A doorkeeper god[173]
- Meţes-ảb – An ibis headed god[173]
- Meṭes-neshen – A god[173]
- Meţi – A hawk headed god[173]
- Meţni – A hippopotamus god of evil[173]
- Meţu-ta-f – A god[173]
- Neb – A goose god, also a watcher of Osiris[174]
- Neb ảa – A singing god of dawn[174]
- Neb ảmakh – A god who towed the boat of Ảf[174]
- Neb ankh – A singing god of dawn[175]
- Neb āq-t – A jackal god[176]
- Neb Kheper-Khenti-Ṭuat – A Maāt god[177]
- Neb Khert-ta – A star god[177]
- Neb pāt – A god[176]
- Neb seb-t – A god[177]
- Neb Uast – A god of the boat of Pakhit[176]
- Neb-Un – A god[176]
- Neb user – A ram-headed god[176]
- Neb utchat-ti – A serpent god with human legs[176]
- Nebti – A god[174]
- Nekenher – A frightening god[147]
- Neter – A serpent god[172]
- Neterti – A god in Duat[172]
- Neter bah – A god[172]
- Neter neferu – A god[178]
- Neter-hāu – Nile god[178]
- Neter-ka-qetqet – A god who guarded Osiris[178]
- Neter-kha – God of one thousand years[178]
- Netrit-ta-meh – An axe god[178]
- Netrit-Then – An axe god[178]
- Nuuhuikhet – An antelope-masked, alpaca-eared god of freedom[179]
- Unnti – The god of existence[180]
- Untả – A light god[180]
- Up – An ape god[156]
- Up-hai – God of the dead[156]
- Up-shāt-taui – A god[156]
- Up-uatu – A singing god[156]
- Upi-sekhemti – A jackal-headed singing god[156]
- Upt-heka – Enchantment god[156]
- Upȧst – A light god[156]
- Upu – God of the serpent Shemti[156]
- Ur – A god[179]
- Ur-ȧres – A god of a boat[154]
- Ur-at – A god of Kher-Āḥa[179]
- Ur-heka – A god of Denderah[154]
- Ur-henhenu – A water god[154]
- Ur-henu – A water god[154]
- Ur-khert – A jackal god in the second Ảat[154]
- Ur-maati-f – A god[154]
- Ur-metuu-ḩer-ȧat-f – A god[154]
- Ur-peḥti – A doorkeeper god[154]
- Ur-peḩui-f – A god[154]
- Urrtȧ – A god[179]
Female
[edit]- Ảmi-khent-āat – A goddess of Edfû[160]
- Ảmi-pet-seshem-neterit – One of the 12 Thoueris goddesses[159]
- Ảmi-urt – A cow goddess[159]
- Ảmi-utchat-sảakhu-Ảtemt – One of the 12 Thoueris goddesses[159]
- Ảmit-Qeţem – A goddess who assisted resurrecting Osiris[161]
- Ảmit-she-t-urt – A goddess[161]
- Āpertra – A singing goddess[68]
- Ảrit-ȧakhu – A star goddess[165]
- Ảriti – A goddess[165]
- Ba-khati – A goddess[75]
- Baiut-s-ảmiu-heh – A goddess[75]
- Ḥebit – An air goddess[167]
- Hetemit – Goddess of destruction
- Ḥunit – Goddess of the twenty first day of the month[168]
- Ḥunit Pe – A tutelary goddess of Buto[168]
- Ḥunit urit – A tutelary goddess of Heliopolis[168]
- Ḥuntheth – A lioness goddess[168]
- Ḥurit urit – A goddess[168]
- Maa-ā – A singing god[170]
- Maa-neter-s – A singing goddess[170]
- Neb Ȧa-t – A goddess[174]
- Neb Ȧa-t-Then – A goddess[174]
- Neb āāu – A goddess
- Neb-ābui – A goddess
- Neb ȧkeb – A goddess[175]
- Neb Ȧnit – A goddess[175]
- Neb ảri-t-qerr-t – A goddess[175]
- Neb ảrit-tcheṭflu – Goddess who created reptiles[175]
- Neb ảs-ḥatt – A goddess[175]
- Neb ȧs-ur – A goddess[175]
- Neb Ȧter – A goddess[175]
- Neb ȧter-Shemā – A goddess[175]
- Neb ảur – A goddess of the river[174]
- Neb Aut – A goddess[174]
- Neb Bȧa-t – A goddess[176]
- Neb ḥekau – The goddess of spells[177]
- Neb ḥetep – A crocodile goddess[177]
- Neb Khasa – A goddess[177]
- Neb Khebit – The goddess of Chemmis[177]
- Neb peḥti – A goddess[176]
- Neb Per-res – A goddess[176]
- Neb petti – A goddess[176]
- Neb Sa – A goddess[177]
- Neb Sam – A goddess[177]
- Neb sau-ta – A goddess[177]
- Neb sebu – A goddess[177]
- Neb Septi – A goddess[177]
- Neb-t ȧakhu – A serpent goddess of dawn[174]
- Neb-t ȧnemit – A goddess of offerings[174]
- Neb-t ānkh – One of twelve goddesses who opened the gates of Duat to Ảf[175]
- Neb-t ānkhiu – A goddess with two serpents[175]
- Neb-t Ảţu – A goddess[175]
- Nebt-Āu-Khenti-Ṭuat – A cow goddess who appears in the ninth hour of Ra's journey through the Underworld in the Book of Gates[174]
- Neb-t au-t-ȧb – A cow goddess[174]
- Neb-t Kheper – A serpent goddess[177]
- Neb-t usha – Goddess of the eighth division of the Duat[176]
- Neb Un – A goddess[176]
- Nebt Ānnu – A goddess[175]
- Neterit-nekhenit-Rā – A singing goddess in Duat[178]
- Un-baiusit – A goddess[180]
- Unnit – A goddess[180]
- Unnuit – A goddess[180]
- Upit – A serpent goddess[156]
- Ur-ā – A goddess[154]
- Urit – A goddess[179]
- Urit-ȧmi-t-Ṭuat – A goddess who escorted Ra[179]
- Urit-em-sekhemu-s – Goddess of the fourth hour[154]
- Urit-en-kru – A lioness headed hippopotamus goddess[154]
- Urit-ḥekau – Goddess of Upper Egypt[179]
- Urti-ḥethati – Goddess of Ánu[154]
Male or female
[edit]Groups of deities
[edit]- The Aai – 3 guardian deities in the ninth division of Duat; they are Ab-ta, Anhefta, and Ermen-ta[40]
- The Cavern deities – Many Underworld deities charged with punishing the damned souls by beheading and devouring them.[182]
- The Ennead – An extended family of nine deities produced by Atum during the creation of the world. The Ennead usually consisted of Atum, his children Shu and Tefnut, their children Geb and Nut, and their children Osiris, Isis, Set, and Nephthys.[183]
- The Theban Triad consisted of Amun, his consort Mut and their son Khonsu.
- The four sons of Horus – Four gods who protected the mummified body, particularly the internal organs in canopic jars.[184]
- The Gate deities – Many dangerous guardian deities at the gates of the Underworld (flanked by divine Doorkeepers and Heralds), to be ingratiated by spells and knowing their names.[185]
- The Hemsut (or Hemuset) – Protective goddesses of Fate, destiny, and of the creation sprung from the primordial abyss; daughters of Ptah, linked to the concept of ka[186][187]
- The Her-Hequi – 4 deities in the fifth division of Duat[40]
- The Horus of the day deities – 12 divine embodiments of each hour of the day: partly major deities (1st: Maat and Nenit, 2nd: Hu and Ra em-nu, 3rd: unknown, 4th: Ashespi-kha, 5th: Nesbit and Agrit, 6th: Ahait, 7th: Horus and Nekait or Nekai-t, 8th: Khensu and Kheprit, 9th: Neten-her-netch-her and Ast em nebt ankh, 10th: Urit-hekau or Hekau-ur, 11th: Amanh, and partly lesser-known ones (12th: "The One Who Gives Protection In The Twilight").[188]
- The Horus of the night deities – 12 goddesses of each hour of the night, wearing a five-pointed star on their heads. Neb-t tehen and Neb-t heru, god and goddess of the 1st hour of night, Apis or Hep (in reference) and Sarit-neb-s, god and goddess of the 2nd hour of night, M'k-neb-set, goddess of the 3rd hour of night, Aa-t-shefit or Urit-shefit, goddess of the 4th hour of the night, Heru-heri-uatch-f and Neb[t] ankh, god and goddess of the 5th hour of the night, Ari-em-aua (god) or Uba-em-tu-f and Mesperit, neb-t shekta or Neb-t tcheser, god and goddess of the 6th hour of the night, Heru-em-sau-ab and Herit-t-chatcha-ah, god and goddess of the 7th hour of the night, Ba-pefi and Ankh-em-neser-t or Merit-neser-t, god and goddess of the 8th hour of night, An-mut-f and Neb-t sent-t, god and goddess of the 9th hour of the night, Amset or Neb neteru and M'k-neb-set, god and goddess of the 10th hour of night, Uba-em-tu-f and Khesef-khemit or M'kheskhemuit, god and goddess of the 11th hour, Khepera and Maa-neferut-Ra, god and goddess of the 12th hour of the night.[188]
- The 42 judges of Maat – 42 deities including Osiris who judged the souls of the dead in the afterlife
- The Khnemiu – 4 deities wearing red crowns in the eleventh division of Duat[40]
- The Ogdoad – A set of eight gods who personified the chaos that existed before creation. The Ogdoad commonly consisted of Amun – Amunet, Nu – Naunet, Heh – Hauhet, and Kek – Kauket.[189]
- The Renniu – 4 bearded gods in the eleventh division of Duat[40]
- The Setheniu-Tep – 4 deities wearing white crowns in the eleventh division of Duat[40]
- The Souls of Pe and Nekhen – A set of gods personifying the predynastic rulers of Upper and Lower Egypt.[190]
- The 12 Thoueris goddesses[159]
Citations
[edit]- ^ Allen 2000, pp. 43–45
- ^ Wilkinson 2003, pp. 6–7, 73
- ^ a b Hart 2005, p. 11
- ^ Hart 2005, pp. 13–22
- ^ Hart 2005, pp. 113–114
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Gods of Egypt". www.touregypt.net (in Russian).
- ^ a b c d Petry (1994). The Egyptian gods. p. 127.
- ^ a b Hart 2005, pp. 25–28
- ^ sowaHart 2005, pp. 34–40
- ^ Hart 2005, pp. 40–42
- ^ Hart 2005, p. 48
- ^ Hart 2005, pp. 58–60
- ^ a b c Hart 2005, p. 61
- ^ Hart 2005, pp. 70–76
- ^ Hart 2005, pp. 84–85
- ^ Hart 2005, pp. 85–86
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah Mark, Joshua J. "Egyptian Gods – The Complete List". World History Encyclopedia.
- ^ Hart 2005, pp. 86–88
- ^ a b Hart 2005, p. 92
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "GVC09-24: Mystical creatures and gods -Egyptian". winners.virtualclassroom.org.
- ^ Hart 2005, pp. 96–97
- ^ a b Hart 2005, p. 99
- ^ Hart 2005, p. 23
- ^ Wilkinson 2003, p. 204
- ^ Hart 2005, p. 102
- ^ Hart 2005, pp. 114–124
- ^ Hart 2005, pp. 128–131
- ^ Hart 2005, pp. 143–145
- ^ Hart 2005, p. 147
- ^ Hart 2005, p. 148
- ^ Hart 2005, p. 151
- ^ Hart 2005, pp. 156–159
- ^ a b Hart 2005, p. 162
- ^ Hart 2005, pp. 28–29
- ^ Hart 2005, pp. 45–47
- ^ Hart 2005, pp. 47–48
- ^ Hart 2005, pp. 61–65
- ^ Hart 2005, pp. 67–68
- ^ Wilkinson 2003, pp. 173–174
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar Coulter, Charles Russell; Turner, Patricia (2000). Encyclopedia of ancient deities. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn. ISBN 1-57958-270-2.
- ^ Wilkinson 2003, pp. 145–146
- ^ Hart 2005, pp. 79–83
- ^ Hart 2005, pp. 89–90
- ^ a b Wilkinson 2003, p. 179
- ^ Hart 2005, pp. 97–99
- ^ Hart 2005, pp. 100–101
- ^ Hart 2005, pp. 101–102
- ^ Hart 2005, pp. 102–103
- ^ Porter & Moss 1991, pp. 76
- ^ Hart 2005, pp. 110–112
- ^ Hart 2005, p. 125
- ^ Hart 2005, pp. 135–137
- ^ Hart 2005, pp. 140–141
- ^ Hart 2005, pp. 138–139
- ^ Hart 2005, p. 156
- ^ Hart 2005, p. 161
- ^ Hart 2005, p. 164
- ^ a b Hart 2005, p. 66
- ^ Hart 2005, pp. 109–110
- ^ Hart 2005, pp. 133–135
- ^ a b Hart 2005, p. 154
- ^ Coulter, Charles Russell; Turner, Patricia (2013-07-04). Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-96390-3.
- ^ a b Hart 2005, p. 12
- ^ a b Shorter, Alan W.; with a new bibliography by Petry, Bonnie L. (1994). The Egyptian gods: a handbook (Rev. ed.). San Bernardino (Calif.): the Borgo press. p. 125. ISBN 0-89370-535-7.
- ^ Willockx, Sjef. "Amentet, Andjeti and Anubis: Three Ancient Egyptian Gods (2007)". p. 25.
- ^ Hart 2005, p. 29
- ^ Hart 2005, pp. 31–32
- ^ a b Budge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary. p. 119.
- ^ Hart 2005, pp. 29–31
- ^ Hart 2005, pp. 32–33
- ^ Hart 2005, p. 33
- ^ Hart 2005, p. 199
- ^ Hart 2005, p. 44
- ^ Hart 2005, pp. 44–45
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Budge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary. p. 199.
- ^ Hart 2005, p. 45
- ^ Hollis, Susan T. (1984), Chronique d'Égypte, Vol. 59, pp. 248–57
- ^ Hart 2005, pp. 49–50
- ^ Wilkinson 2003, pp. 172–173
- ^ Hart 2005, p. 52
- ^ Willockx, Sjef. "Amentet, Andjeti and Anubis: Three Ancient Egyptian Gods (2007)". p. 35.
- ^ Willockx, Sjef. "Amentet, Andjeti and Anubis: Three Ancient Egyptian Gods (2007)". p. 9.
- ^ a b c d Petry (1994). The Egyptian gods. p. 52.
- ^ a b Lorton, Claude Traunecker. transl. from the French by David (2001). The gods of Egypt (1st English-language, enhanced and expanded ed.). Ithaca, N.Y [u.a.]: Cornell University Press. p. 59. ISBN 0-8014-3834-9.
- ^ Hart 2005, pp. 66–67
- ^ Hart 2005, pp. 68–69
- ^ Hart 2005, p. 76
- ^ Hart 2005, p. 77
- ^ Marti, Heri Abruña (2018). "Igai 'the Lord of the Oasis'". The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 104 (1): 41–58. doi:10.1177/0307513318777479. ISSN 0307-5133. S2CID 220268859.
- ^ Hart 2005, pp. 77–78
- ^ Hart 2005, pp. 78–79
- ^ Willockx, Sjef. "Amentet, Andjeti and Anubis: Three Ancient Egyptian Gods (2007)". p. 5.
- ^ Hart 2005, p. 85
- ^ Hart 2005, pp. 90–91
- ^ a b Hart 2005, p. 91
- ^ Hart 2005, pp. 92–95
- ^ Hart 2005, pp. 95–96
- ^ Hart 2005, pp. 99–100
- ^ Hart 2005, p. 137
- ^ a b Petry (1994). The Egyptian gods. p. 139.
- ^ a b c d e Faulkner, Raymond; Goelet, Ogden; Andrews, Carol; Wasserman, James (1994). The Egyptian Book of the Dead: The Book of Going Forth by Day (1st ed.). San Francisco: Chronicle Books. p. 175. ISBN 0-8118-0767-3.
- ^ Hart 2005, pp. 148–149
- ^ Hart 2005, pp. 139–140
- ^ a b Hart 2005, p. 146
- ^ Hart 2005, pp. 146–147
- ^ Hart 2005, pp. 147–148
- ^ Hart 2005, p. 159
- ^ Hart 2005, pp. 162–163
- ^ Hart 2005, p. 165
- ^ "McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia introduction and main index". McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia Online.
- ^ Hart 2005, pp. 12–13
- ^ Hart 2005, p. 22
- ^ Petry (1994). The Egyptian gods. Borgo Press. p. 43. ISBN 0-89370-535-7.
- ^ Hart 2005, p. 34
- ^ Hart 2005, pp. 43–44
- ^ "Female Bes". Metropolitan Museum of Art.
- ^ Wilkinson 2003, p. 230
- ^ Wilkinson 2003, pp. 145
- ^ Hart 2005, p. 79
- ^ Petry (1994). The Egyptian gods. p. 129.
- ^ Hart 2005, p. 83
- ^ Willockx, Sjef. "Amentet, Andjeti and Anubis: Three Ancient Egyptian Gods (2007)". p. 14.
- ^ Hart 2005, p. 90
- ^ Random Gods:
- ^ Petry (1994). The Egyptian gods. p. 8.
- ^ Hart 2005, pp. 91–92
- ^ Durdin-Robertson, Lawrence (1979). Communion With The Goddess: Idols, Images, and Symbols of the Goddesses; Egypt Part III. Cesara Publications. p. 1.
- ^ a b c d e f Durdin-Robertson (1979). Communion With The Goddess. p. 2.
- ^ Wilkinson 2003, p. 156
- ^ a b Durdin-Robertson (1979). Communion With The Goddess. p. 20.
- ^ Hart 2005, p. 132
- ^ a b Wilkinson 2003, p. 164
- ^ Durdin-Robertson (1979). Communion With The Goddess. p. 21.
- ^ Durdin-Robertson (1979). Communion With The Goddess. p. 22.
- ^ a b Durdin-Robertson (1979). Communion With The Goddess. p. 24.
- ^ Hart 2005, pp. 141–142
- ^ Durdin-Robertson (1979). Communion With The Goddess. p. 29.
- ^ Hart 2005, pp. 142–143
- ^ Durdin-Robertson (1979). Communion With The Goddess. p. 30.
- ^ Durdin-Robertson (1979). Communion With The Goddess. p. 31.
- ^ Hart 2005, pp. 151–152
- ^ "Aswan History Facts and Timeline: Aswan, Egypt". www.world-guides.com.
- ^ Durdin-Robertson (1979). Communion With The Goddess. p. 32.
- ^ Hart 2005, pp. 154–155
- ^ a b Lorton (2001). The gods of Egypt. p. 67.
- ^ Zecchi, Marco (2001). "The god Hedjhotep". Chronique d'Égypte. LXXVI (151–152). Bruxelles: Fondation Égyptologique Reine Élizabeth: 5–19. doi:10.1484/J.CDE.2.309159.
- ^ a b Lorton (2001). The gods of Egypt. p. 31.
- ^ a b Durdin-Robertson (1979). Communion With The Goddess. p. 37.
- ^ Nelson, Thomas (2017). The Woman's Study Bible: Receiving God's Truth for Balance, Hope, and Transformation. Biblica, Inc. p. 97.
- ^ Durdin-Robertson (1979). Communion With The Goddess. p. 38.
- ^ Wilkinson 2003, p. 199
- ^ Durdin-Robertson (1979). Communion With The Goddess. p. 40.
- ^ Hart 2005, p. 163
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Budge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary. p. 173.
- ^ Hart 2005, pp. 145–146
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Budge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary. p. 162.
- ^ a b c Budge, Sir Ernest A. Wallis (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary (in two volumes, with an index of English words, king list and geographical list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, Coptic and Semitic alphabets. New York: Cosimo Classics. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-61640-460-4.
- ^ a b c Budge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary s. New York. p. 23.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b c d e f g h Budge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary. New York. p. 46.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b c d e f g Budge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary s. p. 47.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Budge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary. p. 48.
- ^ Budge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary. p. 59.
- ^ Lorton (2001). The gods of Egypt. p. 60.
- ^ Budge, Sir Ernest A. Wallis (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary. p. 67. Retrieved 20 July 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Budge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary. p. 67.
- ^ a b Budge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary. p. 13.
- ^ a b c Budge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary. p. 474.
- ^ a b c d e f Budge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary s. p. 472.
- ^ a b c d e f Budge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary. p. 556.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Budge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary. p. 267.
- ^ Ritner, Robert K. (1984). "A uterine amulet in the Oriental Institute collection". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 43 (3): 209–221. doi:10.1086/373080. PMID 16468192. S2CID 42701708.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Budge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary. p. 403.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Budge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary. p. 336.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Budge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary. p. 358.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Budge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary. p. 359.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Budge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary. p. 360.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Budge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary. p. 363.
- ^ a b c d e f g Budge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary. p. 404.
- ^ a b c d e f g Budge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary. p. 172.
- ^ a b c d e Budge (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary. p. 165.
- ^ Taylor, John (22 September 2010). "What is a Book of the Dead?". British Museum. Archived from the original on 17 April 2015. Retrieved 17 April 2015.
- ^ Wilkinson 2003, p. 80
- ^ Hart 2005, p. 53
- ^ Hart 2005, pp. 149–161
- ^ Wilkinson 2003, pp. 81–82
- ^ "Gods of Ancient Egypt: Hemsut". www.ancientegyptonline.co.uk. Retrieved 2018-04-20.
- ^ "Hemsut". www.reshafim.org.il. Archived from the original on 2018-07-23. Retrieved 2018-04-20.
- ^ a b Wilkinson 2003, p. 83
- ^ Hart 2005, p. 113
- ^ Hart 2005, pp. 152–153
Works cited
[edit]- Allen, James P. (2000). Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-77483-7.
- Hart, George (2005). The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses, Second Edition. Routledge. ISBN 0-203-02362-5.
- Porter, Bertha; Moss, Rosalind (1991). Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs, and Paintings. Griffith Institute, Ashmolean Museum Oxford. ISBN 978-0-900416-82-8.
- Wilkinson, Richard H. (2003). The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05120-8.
- Lorton, Claude Traunecker. Transl. from the French by David (2001). The gods of Egypt (1st English-language edn, enhanced and expanded). Ithaca, N.Y [u.a.]: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-3834-9.
- Budge, Sir Ernest A. Wallis (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary (in two volumes, with an index of English words, king list and geographical list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, Coptic and Semitic alphabets). New York: Cosimo Classics. ISBN 978-1-61640-460-4.
- "Aswan History Facts and Timeline: Aswan, Egypt". http://www.world-guides.com/africa/egypt/aswan/aswan_history.html.
- Petry, Alan W. Shorter; with a new bibliography by Bonnie L. (1994). The Egyptian gods : a handbook (rev. edn). San Bernardino (Calif.): The Borgo Press. ISBN 0-89370-535-7.
- "Gods of Egypt". http://www.touregypt.net/godsofegypt/.
- Willockx, Sjef. "Amentet, Andjeti and Anubis: Three Ancient Egyptian Gods (2007)".
- Mark, Joshua J. "Egyptian Gods – The Complete List". https://www.worldhistory.org/article/885/egyptian-gods---the-complete-list/.
- Nelson, Thomas (2017). The Woman's Study Bible: Receiving God's Truth for Balance, Hope, and Transformation. Biblica, Inc.
- "GVC09-24: Mystical creatures and gods -Egyptian". [1]
- Durdin-Robertson, Lawrence (1979). Communion With The Goddess: Idols, Images, and Symbols of the Goddesses; Egypt Part III. Cesara Publications.
- translations, translated by Raymond O. Faulkner; with additional; Wasserman, a commentary by Ogden Goelet JR.; with color illustrations from the facsimile volume produced in 1890 under the supervision of E.A. Wallis Budge; introduced by Carol A. R. Andrews; edited by Eva Von Dassow; in an edition conceived by James (1994). The Egyptian Book of the dead : the Book of going forth by day : being the Papyrus of Ani (royal scribe of the divine offerings), written and illustrated circa 1250 B.C.E., by scribes and artists unknown, including the balance of chapters of the books of the dead known as the theban recension, compiled from ancient texts, dating back to the roots of Egyptian civilization (1st edn). San Francisco: Chronicle Books. ISBN 0-8118-0767-3.
Further reading
[edit]- Leitz, Christian, ed. (2002). Lexikon der ägyptischen Götter und Götterbezeichnungen (in German). Peeters. Vol. I: ISBN 90-429-1146-8; Vol. II: ISBN 90-429-1147-6; Vol. III: ISBN 90-429-1148-4; Vol. IV: ISBN 90-429-1149-2; Vol. V: ISBN 90-429-1150-6; Vol. VI: ISBN 90-429-1151-4; Vol. VII: ISBN 90-429-1152-2; Vol. VIII: ISBN 90-429-1376-2.
