Stanisław Witkiewicz
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Stanisław Witkiewicz | |
|---|---|
 Stanisław Witkiewicz. Portrait by Jacek Malczewski, 1897, National Museum, Kraków. | |
| Born | May 8, 1851 |
| Died | September 5, 1915 |
| Education | |
| Known for | Painting, architecture |
| Style | Zakopane Style |
| Spouse | Maria Pietrzkiewicz |
| Children | Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz |
Stanisław Witkiewicz (Lithuanian: Stanislovas Vitkevičius; 8 May 1851 – 5 September 1915[1]) was a Polish[2] painter, art theoretician, and amateur architect, known for his creation of "Zakopane Style".[3][4]
Life
[edit]Witkiewicz was born in the Samogitian village of Pašiaušė (Polish: Poszawsze),[1] present-day Lithuania, ruled at the time by the Russian Empire. His parents were Ignacy Witkiewicz and Elwira née Szemiot.[5]
As an adolescent, he spent several years in Siberian Tomsk, where his parents and two older siblings were exiled for their support of the January Uprising.[1] He was a student at the Academy of Fine Arts in Saint Petersburg (1868–1871) and furthered his education in Munich (1872–1875). During his stay in Munich, he befriended painters Aleksander Gierymski, Józef Chełmoński and Henryk Siemiradzki.[1]
In 1875, he moved to Warsaw and set up a painting workshop in the laundry at the Hotel Europejski. In 1884, he married Maria Pietrzkiewicz. The pair had a son, Stanisław Ignacy.[1] The son's godmother was the internationally famous actress Helena Modjeska, whom the elder Witkiewicz in 1876 had nearly accompanied to California in the United States.
In 1884–1887, Witkiewicz worked as the artistic director of "Wędrowiec" weekly, for which he wrote a series of articles concerning the values of a work of art and the role of art critics (published in book form under the title "Painting and criticism among us", Sztuka i krytyka u nas, in 1891 and 1899).[1] In 1887, he held the same position in "Kłosy" magazine.[6]
In 1886, he visited Zakopane for the first time. He developed a fascination with the Tatra Mountains, the Podhale highlanders and their vernacular traditions. His ambition became to create a Polish national style based on the highlanders' art, which he considered quintessentially Polish.[7][1][8]
He formulated the Zakopane Style (styl zakopiański) (also known as Witkiewicz Style (styl witkiewiczowski)) in architecture,[9] in which he designed homes and interiors for well-off, artistically-minded Poles.[4] He was strongly associated with Zakopane and promoted it in the art community.
Witkiewicz had strong views against formal education:
"School is completely at odds with the psychological make-up of human beings".
He applied this principle in his son's upbringing and was disappointed when the 20-year-old Witkacy chose to enroll at the Academy of Fine Arts in Kraków.
In 1908, suffering from tuberculosis, the elder Witkiewicz left his family in Zakopane and relocated to Lovran, a fashionable resort in what was then Austria-Hungary, which today is in Croatia. He died there in 1915.
His first monographic art exhibition was staged in Zachęta Fine Arts Society in 1927.[1] His son, Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz, became a famous painter, playwright, novelist and philosopher, also known (from the conflation of his surname and middle name) by the pseudonym "Witkacy."
Selected publications
[edit]- Odpowiedź na ankietę Policja a sztuka. Policja a sztuka (Response to the Survey The Police and Art) (1902), Krytyka IV: 275–280[10]
- Chrześcijaństwo i katechizm. O nauce religii w szkołach galicyjskich (Christianity and the Catechism. About the Teaching of Religion in Galician Schools) (1904),
- Wallenrodyzm czy znikczemnienie (Wallenrodism or Becoming Ignoble) (published in Kultura Polski 1917, a fragment of the work Studium o duszy polskiej po 1863 roku (A Study of the Polish Soul after 1863),
- Przełom (Turning Point),
- Życie, etyka i rewolucja (Life, Ethics and Revolution),
- Na przełęczy. Wrażenia i obrazy z Tatr (On the Mountain Pass. Impressions and images from the Tatras) (1891, first published in Tygodnik Illustrowany 1889–1890),
- Po latach (Years Later) (1905),
- Z Tatr (From the Tatras) (1907),
- Monographs: Juliusz Kossak (1900), Aleksander Gierymski (1903), Matejko (1908).
Selected paintings
[edit]-
Autumn Pasturage, National Museum, Kraków -
Ukrainian night, National Museum, Kraków -
On the Baltic at Palanga, National Museum, Warsaw -
Sheep in the Mist -
Siberian Troika -
Black Pond -
Crocuses with snowy mountains in the background, National Museum, Kraków -
Apple Trees in Bloom, National Museum, Kraków -
Spring landscape with a pond, National Museum, Kraków -
Narrow gate, National Museum, Warsaw -
Pasture land, National Museum, Warsaw
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See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h Kossowska, Irena. "Stanisław Witkiewicz". culture.pl. Adam Mickiewicz Institute. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
- ^ Szymanowicz, Maciej (2014). In the Private Sphere: The Photographic Work of Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz (PDF). p. 7.
- ^ Guile, Carolyn C. (2015). "Circulations: Early Modern Architecture in the Polish-Lithuanian Borderland". In DaCosta Kaufmann, Thomas; Dossin, Catherine; Joyeux-Prunel, Béatrice (eds.). Circulations in the Global History of Art. Routledge. p. 89. ISBN 978-1472454560.
- ^ a b Crowley, David (Spring 1995). "The Uses of Peasant Design in Austria-Hungary in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries". Studies in the Decorative Arts. 2 (2). University of Chicago Press: 9–11, 19. doi:10.1086/studdecoarts.2.2.40662538. S2CID 163455295.
- ^ Minakowski, J. M. "Stanisław Witkiewicz". wielcy.pl. Retrieved 2024-12-14.
- ^ Nowakowska, Wanda (1970). Stanisław Witkiewicz, teoretyk sztuki (in Polish). Ossolineum. p. 18.
- ^ Edyta Barucka (2010). "Redefining Polishness: The Revival of Crafts in Galicia around 1900". Acta Slavica Iaponica. 28: 83, 86.
- ^ Cavanaugh, Jan (2000). Out Looking In: Early Modern Polish Art, 1890-1918. University of California Press. p. 169. ISBN 978-0520211902.
- ^ See picture in Polish article on styl zakopiański
- ^ Kuczkowski, Bartłomiej; Radowska-Lisak, Mirosława (2018-03-29). "Dwa aforyzmy – autografy Stanisława Witkiewicza". Litteraria Copernicana (in Polish). 25 (1(25)/): 125–131. doi:10.12775/LC.2018.008. ISSN 2392-1617.
External links
[edit]
- Works by or about Stanisław Witkiewicz at the Internet Archive
- Works by Stanisław Witkiewicz at Open Library
- Stanisław Witkiewicz at Culture.pl
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Academics | |
| Artists | |
| People | |
| Other | |
- 1851 births
- 1915 deaths
- People from Kelmė District Municipality
- People from Kovno Governorate
- Painters from the Russian Empire
- 20th-century deaths from tuberculosis
- 19th-century Polish painters
- 19th-century Polish male artists
- 20th-century Polish painters
- 20th-century Polish male artists
- Polish male writers
- 19th-century Polish architects
- People from the Russian Empire of Polish descent
- Polish male painters
- Tuberculosis deaths in Austria-Hungary
- People from Zakopane
- 20th-century Polish architects
- Tuberculosis deaths in Croatia