Brazil
Federative Republic of Brazil República Federativa do Brasil | |
|---|---|
| Motto: Ordem e Progresso "Order and Progress" | |
| Anthem: Hino Nacional Brasileiro "Brazilian National Anthem" | |
National Seal
| |
 | |
| Capital | Brasília 15°47′S 47°52′W / 15.783°S 47.867°W |
| Largest city | São Paulo 23°33′S 46°38′W / 23.550°S 46.633°W |
| Official language and national language | Portuguese |
| Recognized regional languages | See regional official languages |
| Ethnic groups (2022)[2] |
|
| Religion |
|
| Demonym(s) | Brazilian |
| Government | Federal presidential republic |
| Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva | |
| Geraldo Alckmin | |
| Arthur Lira | |
| Rodrigo Pacheco | |
| Luís Roberto Barroso | |
| Legislature | National Congress |
| Federal Senate | |
| Chamber of Deputies | |
| Independence from Portugal | |
• Declared | 7 September 1822 |
| 29 August 1825 | |
• Republic | 15 November 1889 |
| 5 October 1988 | |
| Area | |
• Total | 8,515,767 km2 (3,287,956 sq mi) (5th) |
• Water (%) | 0.65 |
| Population | |
• 2022 census |  203,080,756[5] (7th) |
• Density | 23.8[6]/km2 (61.6/sq mi) (193rd) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2024 estimate |
• Total |  $4.702 trillion[7] (8th) |
• Per capita | $22,122[7] (78th) |
| GDP (nominal) | 2024 estimate |
• Total | $2.188 trillion[7] (8th) |
• Per capita | $10,296[7] (78th) |
| Gini (2022) |  52[8]high inequality |
| HDI (2022) | 0.760[9] high (89th) |
| Currency | Real (R$) (BRL) |
| Time zone | UTC−2 to −5 (BRT) |
| DST is not observed. | |
| Date format | dd/mm/yyyy (CE) |
| Drives on | right |
| Calling code | +55 |
| ISO 3166 code | BR |
| Internet TLD | .br |
Brazil,[b] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil,[c] is the largest and easternmost country in South America and Latin America. It is the world's fifth-largest country by area and one of the most populated countries. Its capital is Brasília, and its most populous city is São Paulo. Brazil is a federation composed of 26 states and a Federal District. It is the only country in the Americas where Portuguese is an official language.[11][12] Brazil is among the world's most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations, due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world.[13]
Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers (4,655 mi).[14] Covering roughly half of South America's land area, it borders all other countries and territories on the continent except Ecuador and Chile.[15] Brazil's Amazon basin includes a vast tropical forest home to diverse wildlife, a variety of ecological systems, and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats.[14] This unique environmental heritage positions Brazil at number one of 17 megadiverse countries. The country's natural richness is also the subject of significant global interest, as environmental degradation (through processes such as deforestation) has direct impacts on global issues such as climate change and biodiversity loss.
The territory of present-day Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral in 1500. Subsequently claimed by the Portuguese Empire, Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808, when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro. In 1815, the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. Independence was achieved in 1822 with the creation of the Empire of Brazil, a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system. The ratification of the first constitution in 1824 led to the formation of a bicameral legislature, now called the National Congress. Slavery was abolished in 1888. The country became a presidential republic in 1889 following a military coup d'état. An authoritarian military dictatorship emerged in 1964 and ruled until 1985, after which civilian governance resumed. Brazil's current constitution, formulated in 1988, defines it as a democratic federal republic.[16] Due to its rich culture and history, the country ranks thirteenth in the world by number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.[17]
Brazil is a regional and middle power[18][19][20] that is an emerging power[21][22][23][24] and a major non-NATO ally of the United States.[25] Categorized as a developing country, Brazil is considered an advanced emerging economy,[26] having the one of the-largest GDP in the world in both nominal and PPP terms—the largest in Latin America and the Southern Hemisphere.[7][27] Classified as an upper-middle income economy by the World Bank,[28] and a newly industrialized country by the IMF,[29] Brazil has the largest share of wealth and the most complex economy in South America. It is also one of the world's major breadbaskets, being the largest producer of coffee for the last 150 years.[30] Despite its growing economic and global profile, the country continues to face high levels of corruption, crime and social inequality. Brazil is a founding member of the United Nations, the G20, BRICS, G4, Mercosul, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States, and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries, and also an observer state of the Arab League.[31]
Etymology
The word Brazil probably comes from the Portuguese word for brazilwood, a tree that once grew plentifully along the Brazilian coast.[32] In Portuguese, brazilwood is called pau-brasil, with the word brasil commonly given the etymology "red like an ember", formed from brasa ('ember') and the suffix -il (from -iculum or -ilium).[33] It has alternatively been suggested that this is a folk etymology for a word for the plant related to an Arabic or Asian word for a red plant.[34] As brazilwood produces a deep red dye, it was highly valued by the European textile industry and was the earliest commercially exploited product from Brazil.[35] Throughout the 16th century, massive amounts of brazilwood were harvested by indigenous peoples (mostly Tupi) along the Brazilian coast, who sold the timber to European traders (mostly Portuguese, but also French) in return for assorted European consumer goods.[36]
The official Portuguese name of the land, in original Portuguese records, was the "Land of the Holy Cross" (Terra da Santa Cruz),[37] but European sailors and merchants commonly called it the "Land of Brazil" (Terra do Brasil) because of the brazilwood trade.[38] The popular appellation eclipsed and eventually supplanted the official Portuguese name. Some early sailors called it the "Land of Parrots".[39]
In the Guaraní language, an official language of Paraguay, Brazil is called "Pindorama", meaning 'land of the palm trees'.[40]
History
Pre-Cabraline era
Some of the earliest human remains found in the Americas, Luzia Woman, were found in the area of Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais and provide evidence of human habitation going back at least 11,000 years.[42][43] The earliest pottery ever found in the Western Hemisphere was excavated in the Amazon basin of Brazil and radiocarbon dated to 8,000 years ago (6000 BC). The pottery was found near Santarém and provides evidence that the region supported a complex prehistoric culture.[44] The Marajoara culture flourished on Marajó in the Amazon delta from AD 400 to 1400, developing sophisticated pottery, social stratification, large populations, mound building, and complex social formations such as chiefdoms.[45]
Around the time of the Portuguese arrival, the territory of current day Brazil had an estimated indigenous population of 7 million people,[46] mostly semi-nomadic, who subsisted on hunting, fishing, gathering, and migrant agriculture. The population comprised several large indigenous ethnic groups (e.g., the Tupis, Guaranis, Gês, and Arawaks). The Tupi people were subdivided into the Tupiniquins and Tupinambás.[47]
Before the arrival of the Europeans, the boundaries between these groups and their subgroups were marked by wars that arose from differences in culture, language and moral beliefs.[48] These wars also involved large-scale military actions on land and water, with cannibalistic rituals on prisoners of war.[49][50] While heredity had some weight, leadership was a status more won over time than assigned in succession ceremonies and conventions.[48] Slavery among the indigenous groups had a different meaning than it had for Europeans, since it originated from a diverse socioeconomic organization, in which asymmetries were translated into kinship relations.[51]
Portuguese colonization
.jpg)
Following the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas, the land now called Brazil was claimed for the Portuguese Empire on 22 April 1500, with the arrival of the Portuguese fleet commanded by Pedro Álvares Cabral.[53] The Portuguese encountered indigenous peoples divided into several ethnic societies, most of whom spoke languages of the Tupi–Guarani family and fought among themselves.[54] Though the first settlement was founded in 1532, colonization effectively began in 1534, when King John III of Portugal divided the territory into the fifteen private and autonomous captaincies.[55][56]
However, the decentralized and unorganized tendencies of the captaincies proved problematic, and in 1549 the Portuguese king restructured them into the Governorate General of Brazil in the city of Salvador, which became the capital of a single and centralized Portuguese colony in South America.[56][57] In the first two centuries of colonization, Indigenous and European groups lived in constant war, establishing opportunistic alliances in order to gain advantages against each other.[58][59][60][61]
By the mid-16th century, cane sugar had become Brazil's most important export,[54][62] while slaves purchased in Sub-Saharan Africa in the slave market of Western Africa[63] (not only those from Portuguese allies of their colonies in Angola and Mozambique), had become its largest import,[64][65] to cope with sugarcane plantations, due to increasing international demand for Brazilian sugar.[66][67] Brazil received more than 2.8 million slaves from Africa between the years 1500 and 1800.[68]
By the end of the 17th century, sugarcane exports began to decline[69] and the discovery of gold by bandeirantes in the 1690s would become the new backbone of the colony's economy, fostering a gold rush[70] which attracted thousands of new settlers to Brazil from Portugal and all Portuguese colonies around the world.[71] This increased level of immigration in turn caused some conflicts between newcomers and old settlers.[72]
Portuguese expeditions known as bandeiras gradually expanded Brazil's original colonial frontiers in South America to its approximately current borders.[73][74] In this era other European powers tried to colonize parts of Brazil, in incursions that the Portuguese had to fight, notably the French in Rio during the 1560s, in Maranhão during the 1610s, and the Dutch in Bahia and Pernambuco, during the Dutch–Portuguese War, after the end of Iberian Union.[75]
The Portuguese colonial administration in Brazil had two objectives that would ensure colonial order and the monopoly of Portugal's wealthiest and largest colony: to keep under control and eradicate all forms of slave rebellion and resistance, such as the Quilombo of Palmares,[76] and to repress all movements for autonomy or independence, such as the Minas Gerais Conspiracy.[77]
Elevation to kingdom
In late 1807, Spanish and Napoleonic forces threatened the security of continental Portugal, causing Prince Regent John, in the name of Queen Maria I, to move the royal court from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro.[78] There they established some of Brazil's first financial institutions, such as its local stock exchanges[79] and its National Bank, additionally ending the Portuguese monopoly on Brazilian trade and opening Brazil's ports to other nations. In 1809, in retaliation for being forced into exile, the Prince Regent ordered the conquest of French Guiana.[80]
With the end of the Peninsular War in 1814, the courts of Europe demanded that Queen Maria I and Prince Regent John return to Portugal, deeming it unfit for the head of an ancient European monarchy to reside in a colony. In 1815, to justify continuing to live in Brazil, where the royal court had thrived for six years, the Crown established the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves, thus creating a pluricontinental transatlantic monarchic state.[81] However, the leadership in Portugal, resentful of the new status of its larger colony, continued to demand the return of the court to Lisbon (see Liberal Revolution of 1820). In 1821, acceding to the demands of revolutionaries who had taken the city of Porto,[82] John VI departed for Lisbon. There he swore an oath to the new constitution, leaving his son, Prince Pedro de Alcântara, as Regent of the Kingdom of Brazil.[83]
Independent empire
Tensions between Portuguese and Brazilians increased and the Portuguese Cortes, guided by the new political regime imposed by the Liberal Revolution, tried to re-establish Brazil as a colony.[84] The Brazilians refused to yield, and Prince Pedro decided to stand with them, declaring the country's independence from Portugal on 7 September 1822.[85] A month later, Prince Pedro was declared the first Emperor of Brazil, with the royal title of Dom Pedro I, resulting in the founding of the Empire of Brazil.[86]
The Brazilian War of Independence, which had already begun along this process, spread through the northern, northeastern regions and in the Cisplatina province.[87] The last Portuguese soldiers surrendered on 8 March 1824;[88] Portugal officially recognized Brazilian independence on 29 August 1825.[89]
On 7 April 1831, worn down by years of administrative turmoil and political dissent with both liberal and conservative sides of politics, including an attempt of republican secession[90] and unreconciled to the way that absolutists in Portugal had given in the succession of King John VI, Pedro I departed for Portugal to reclaim his daughter's crown after abdicating the Brazilian throne in favor of his five-year-old son and heir (Dom Pedro II).[91]
As the new Emperor could not exert his constitutional powers until he came of age, a regency was set up by the National Assembly.[92] In the absence of a charismatic figure who could represent a moderate face of power, during this period a series of localized rebellions took place, such as the Cabanagem in Grão-Pará, the Malê Revolt in Salvador, the Balaiada (Maranhão), the Sabinada (Bahia), and the Ragamuffin War, which began in Rio Grande do Sul and was supported by Giuseppe Garibaldi. These emerged from the provinces' dissatisfaction with the central power, coupled with old and latent social tensions peculiar to a vast, slaveholding and newly independent nation state.[93] This period of internal political and social upheaval, which included the Praieira revolt in Pernambuco, was overcome only at the end of the 1840s, years after the end of the regency, which occurred with the premature coronation of Pedro II in 1841.[94]
During the last phase of the monarchy, internal political debate centered on the issue of slavery. The Atlantic slave trade was abandoned in 1850,[95] as a result of the British Aberdeen Act and the Eusébio de Queirós Law, but only in May 1888, after a long process of internal mobilization and debate for an ethical and legal dismantling of slavery in the country, was the institution formally abolished with the approval of the Golden Law.[96]
The foreign-affairs policies of the monarchy dealt with issues with the countries of the Southern Cone with whom Brazil had borders. Long after the Cisplatine War that resulted in the independence of Uruguay,[97] Brazil won three international wars during the 58-year reign of Pedro II: the Platine War, the Uruguayan War and the devastating Paraguayan War, the largest war effort in Brazilian history.[98][99]
Although there was no desire among the majority of Brazilians to change the country's form of government,[100] on 15 November 1889, in disagreement with the majority of the Imperial Army officers, as well as with rural and financial elites (for different reasons), the monarchy was overthrown by a military coup.[101] A few days later, the national flag was replaced with a new design that included the national motto "Ordem e Progresso", influenced by positivism. 15 November is now Republic Day, a national holiday.[102]
Early republic
.jpg)
The early republican government was a military dictatorship, with the army dominating affairs both in Rio de Janeiro and in the states. Freedom of the press disappeared and elections were controlled by those in power.[103] Not until 1894, following an economic crisis and a military one, did civilians take power, remaining there until October 1930.[104][105][106]
In relation to its foreign policy, the country in this first republican period maintained a relative balance characterized by a success in resolving border disputes with neighboring countries,[107] only broken by the Acre War (1899–1902) and its involvement in World War I (1914–1918),[108][109][110] followed by a failed attempt to exert a prominent role in the League of Nations;[111] Internally, from the crisis of Encilhamento[112][113][114] and the Navy Revolts,[115] a prolonged cycle of financial, political and social instability began until the 1920s, keeping the country besieged by various rebellions, both civilian[116][117][118] and military.[119][120][121]
Little by little, a cycle of general instability sparked by these crises undermined the regime to such an extent that in the wake of the murder of his running mate, the defeated opposition presidential candidate Getúlio Vargas, supported by most of the military, successfully led the Revolution of 1930.[122][123] Vargas and the military were supposed to assume power temporarily, but instead closed down Congress, extinguished the Constitution, ruled with emergency powers and replaced the states' governors with his own supporters.[124][125]
In the 1930s, three attempts to remove Vargas and his supporters from power failed. The first was the Constitutionalist Revolution in 1932, led by São Paulo's oligarchy. The second was a Communist uprising in November 1935, and the last one a putsch attempt by local fascists in May 1938.[126][127][128] The 1935 uprising created a security crisis in which Congress transferred more power to the executive branch. The 1937 coup d'état resulted in the cancellation of the 1938 election and formalized Vargas as dictator, beginning the Estado Novo era. During this period, government brutality and censorship of the press increased.[129]
During World War II, Brazil remained neutral until August 1942, when the country suffered retaliation by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy in a strategic dispute over the South Atlantic, and, therefore, entered the war on the allied side.[130][131][132] In addition to its participation in the battle of the Atlantic, Brazil also sent an expeditionary force to fight in the Italian campaign.[133]
With the Allied victory in 1945 and the end of the fascist regimes in Europe, Vargas's position became unsustainable, and he was swiftly overthrown in another military coup, with democracy "reinstated" by the same army that had ended it 15 years earlier.[134] Vargas committed suicide in August 1954 amid a political crisis, after having returned to power by election in 1950.[135][136]
Contemporary era
.jpg)
Several brief interim governments followed Vargas's suicide.[137] Juscelino Kubitschek became president in 1956 and assumed a conciliatory posture towards the political opposition that allowed him to govern without major crises.[138] The economy and industrial sector grew remarkably,[139] but his greatest achievement was the construction of the new capital city of Brasília, inaugurated in 1960.[140] Kubitschek's successor, Jânio Quadros, resigned in 1961 less than a year after taking office.[141] His vice-president, João Goulart, assumed the presidency, but aroused strong political opposition[142] and was deposed in April 1964 by a coup that resulted in a military dictatorship.[143]
The new regime was intended to be transitory[144] but gradually closed in on itself and became a full dictatorship with the promulgation of the Fifth Institutional Act in 1968.[145] Oppression was not limited to those who resorted to guerrilla tactics to fight the regime, but also reached institutional opponents, artists, journalists and other members of civil society,[146][147] inside and outside the country through the infamous "Operation Condor".[148][149] Like other brutal authoritarian regimes, due to an economic boom, known as the "economic miracle", the regime reached a peak in popularity in the early 1970s.[150]
Slowly, however, the wear and tear of years of dictatorial power had not slowed the repression, even after the defeat of the leftist guerrillas.[151] The inability to deal with the economic crises of the period and popular pressure made an opening policy inevitable, which from the regime side was led by Generals Ernesto Geisel and Golbery do Couto e Silva.[152] With the enactment of the Amnesty Law in 1979, Brazil began a slow return to democracy, which was completed during the 1980s.[94]
Civilians returned to power in 1985 when José Sarney assumed the presidency. He became unpopular during his tenure through failure to control the economic crisis and hyperinflation he inherited from the military regime.[153] Sarney's unsuccessful government led to the election in 1989 of the almost-unknown Fernando Collor, who was subsequently impeached by the National Congress in 1992.[154] Collor was succeeded by his vice-president, Itamar Franco, who appointed Fernando Henrique Cardoso Minister of Finance. In 1994, Cardoso produced a highly successful Plano Real,[155] that, after decades of failed economic plans made by previous governments attempting to curb hyperinflation, finally stabilized the Brazilian economy.[156][157] Cardoso won the 1994 election, and again in 1998.[158]
The peaceful transition of power from Cardoso to his main opposition leader, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (elected in 2002 and re-elected in 2006), was seen as proof that Brazil had achieved a long-sought political stability.[159][160] However, sparked by indignation and frustrations accumulated over decades from corruption, police brutality, inefficiencies of the political establishment and public service, numerous peaceful protests erupted in Brazil in the middle of the first term of Dilma Rousseff, who had succeeded Lula after winning election in 2010 and again in 2014 by narrow margins.[161][162]
Rousseff was impeached by the Brazilian Congress in 2016, halfway into her second term,[163][164] and replaced by her Vice-president Michel Temer, who assumed full presidential powers after Rousseff's impeachment was accepted on 31 August. Large street protests for and against her took place during the impeachment process.[165] The charges against her were fueled by political and economic crises along with evidence of involvement with politicians from all the primary political parties. In 2017, the Supreme Court requested the investigation of 71 Brazilian lawmakers and nine ministers of President Michel Temer's cabinet who were allegedly linked to the Petrobras corruption scandal.[166] President Temer himself was also accused of corruption.[167] According to a 2018 poll, 62% of the population said that corruption was Brazil's biggest problem.[168]
In the fiercely disputed 2018 elections, the controversial conservative candidate Jair Bolsonaro of the Social Liberal Party (PSL) was elected president, winning in the second round against Fernando Haddad, of the Workers Party (PT), with the support of 55.13% of the valid votes.[169] In the early 2020s, Brazil became one of the hardest hit countries during the COVID-19 pandemic, receiving the second-highest death toll worldwide after the United States.[170] In May 2021, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva stated that he would run for a third term in the 2022 Brazilian general election against Bolsonaro.[171] In October 2022, Lula was in first place in the first round, with 48.43% of the support from the electorate, and received 50.90% of the votes in the second round.[172][173] On 8 January 2023, a week after Lula's inauguration, a mob of Bolsonaro's supporters attacked Brazil's federal government buildings in the capital, Brasília, after several weeks of unrest.[174][175]
Geography
Brazil occupies a large area along the eastern coast of South America and includes much of the continent's interior,[176] sharing land borders with Uruguay to the south; Argentina and Paraguay to the southwest; Bolivia and Peru to the west; Colombia to the northwest; and Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and France (French overseas region of French Guiana) to the north. It shares a border with every South American country except Ecuador and Chile.[14]
The brazilian territory also encompasses a number of oceanic archipelagos, such as Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Saint Peter and Paul Rocks, and Trindade and Martim Vaz.[14] Its size, relief, climate, and natural resources make Brazil geographically diverse.[176] Including its Atlantic islands, Brazil lies between latitudes 6°N and 34°S, and longitudes 28° and 74°W.[14]
Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world, and third largest in the Americas, with a total area of 8,515,767.049 km2 (3,287,956 sq mi),[177] including 55,455 km2 (21,411 sq mi) of water. North to South, Brazil is also the longest country in the world, spanning 4,395 km (2,731 mi) from north to south,[14] and the only country in the world that has the equator and the Tropic of Capricorn running through it.[14] It spans four time zones; from UTC−5 comprising the state of Acre and the westernmost portion of Amazonas, to UTC−4 in the western states, to UTC−3 in the eastern states (the national time) and UTC−2 in the Atlantic islands.[178]
Climate
The climate of Brazil comprises a wide range of weather conditions across a large area and varied topography, but most of the country is tropical.[14] According to the Köppen system, Brazil hosts six major climatic subtypes: desert, equatorial, tropical, semiarid, oceanic and subtropical. The different climatic conditions produce environments ranging from equatorial rainforests in the north and semiarid deserts in the northeast, to temperate coniferous forests in the south and tropical savannas in central Brazil.[179]
In Brazil, forest cover is around 59% of the total land area, equivalent to 496,619,600 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, down from 588,898,000 hectares (ha) in 1990. In 2020, naturally regenerating forest covered 485,396,000 hectares (ha) and planted forest covered 11,223,600 hectares (ha). Of the naturally regenerating forest, 44% was reported to be primary forest (consisting of native tree species with no clearly visible indications of human activity) and around 30% of the forest area was found within protected areas. For 2015, 56.% of the forest area was reported to be under public ownership and 44% private ownership.[180][181]
Many regions have starkly different microclimates.[182][183] An equatorial climate characterizes much of northern Brazil. There is no real dry season, but there are some variations in the period of the year when most rain falls.[179] Temperatures average 25 °C (77 °F),[183] with more significant temperature variation between night and day than between seasons.[182] Over central Brazil, rainfall is more seasonal, characteristic of a savanna climate.[182] This region is as extensive as the Amazon basin but has a very different climate as it lies farther south at a higher altitude.[179] In the interior northeast, seasonal rainfall is even more extreme.[184] South of Bahia, near the coasts, and more southerly most of the state of São Paulo, the distribution of rainfall changes, with rain falling throughout the year.[179] The south enjoys subtropical conditions, with cool winters and average annual temperatures not exceeding 18 °C (64.4 °F);[183] winter frosts and snowfall are not rare in the highest areas.[179][182]
The semiarid climatic region generally receives less than 800 millimeters (31.5 in) of rain,[184] most of which generally falls in a period of three to five months of the year[185] and occasionally less than this, creating long periods of drought.[182] Brazil's 1877–78 Grande Seca (Great Drought), the worst in Brazil's history,[186] caused approximately half a million deaths.[187] A similarly devastating drought occurred in 1915.[188] In 2024, for the first time, "a drought has covered all the way from the North to the country’s Southeast". It is the strongest drought in Brazil since the beginning of measurement in the 1950s, covering almost 60% of the country's territory. The drought is linked to deforestation and climate change.[189][190][191]
Topography and hydrography
Brazilian topography is also diverse and includes hills, mountains, plains, highlands, and scrublands. Much of the terrain lies between 200 meters (660 ft) and 800 meters (2,600 ft) in elevation.[192] The main upland area occupies most of the southern half of the country.[192] The northwestern parts of the plateau consist of broad, rolling terrain broken by low, rounded hills.[192]
The southeastern section is more rugged, with a complex mass of ridges and mountain ranges reaching elevations of up to 1,200 meters (3,900 ft).[192] These ranges include the Mantiqueira and Espinhaço mountains and the Serra do Mar.[192] In the north, the Guiana Highlands form a major drainage divide, separating rivers that flow south into the Amazon Basin from rivers that empty into the Orinoco River system, in Venezuela, to the north. The highest point in Brazil is the Pico da Neblina at 2,994 meters (9,823 ft), and the lowest is the Atlantic Ocean.[14]
Brazil has a dense and complex system of rivers, one of the world's most extensive, with eight major drainage basins, all of which drain into the Atlantic.[193] Major rivers include the Amazon (the world's second-longest river and the largest in terms of volume of water), the Paraná and its major tributary the Iguaçu (which includes the Iguazu Falls), the Negro, São Francisco, Xingu, Madeira and Tapajós rivers.[193]
Biodiversity and conservation
_-_48153967707.jpg)
The wildlife of Brazil comprises all naturally occurring animals, plants, and fungi in the South American country. Home to 60% of the Amazon rainforest, which accounts for approximately one-tenth of all species in the world,[194] Brazil is considered to have the greatest biodiversity of any country on the planet, containing over 70% of all animal and plant species catalogued.[195] Brazil has the most known species of plants (55,000), freshwater fish (3,000) and mammals (over 689).[196] It also ranks third on the list of countries with the most bird species (1,832) and second with the most reptile species (744).[196] The number of fungal species is unknown but is large.[197] Brazil is second only to Indonesia as the country with the most endemic species.[198]
Brazil's large territory comprises different ecosystems, such as the Amazon rainforest, recognized as having the greatest biological diversity in the world,[199] with the Atlantic Forest and the Cerrado sustaining the greatest biodiversity.[200] In the south, the Araucaria moist forests grow under temperate conditions.[200] The rich wildlife of Brazil reflects the variety of natural habitats. Scientists estimate that the total number of plant and animal species in Brazil could approach four million, mostly invertebrates.[200] Larger mammals include carnivores pumas, jaguars, ocelots, rare bush dogs, and foxes, and herbivores peccaries, tapirs, anteaters, sloths, opossums and armadillos. Deer are plentiful in the south, and many species of New World monkeys are found in the northern rain forests.[200][201]
More than one-fifth of the Amazon rainforest in Brazil has been completely destroyed, and more than 70 mammals are endangered.[196] The threat of extinction comes from several sources, including deforestation and poaching. Extinction is even more problematic in the Atlantic Forest, where nearly 93% of the forest has been cleared.[203] Of the 202 endangered animals in Brazil, 171 are in the Atlantic Forest.[204] The Amazon rainforest has been under direct threat of deforestation since the 1970s because of rapid economic and demographic expansion. Extensive legal and illegal logging destroy forests the size of a small country per year, and with it a diverse series of species through habitat destruction and habitat fragmentation.[205] Since 1970, over 600,000 square kilometers (230,000 sq mi) of the Amazon rainforest have been cleared by logging.[206]
In 2017, preserved native vegetation occupied 61% of the Brazilian territory. Agriculture occupied only 8% of the national territory and pastures 19.7%.[207] For comparison, in 2019, although 43% of the entire European continent has forests, only 3% of the total forest area in Europe is of native forest.[208] Brazil has a strong interest in conservation, as its agriculture sector directly depends on its forests.[209] In 2020, the government of Brazil pledged to reduce its annual greenhouse gas emissions by 43% by 2030. It also sets an indicative target of reaching carbon neutrality by 2060 if the country gets 10 billion dollars per year.[210]
Government and politics
.jpg)
The form of government is a democratic federative republic, with a presidential system.[16] The president is both head of state and head of government of the Union and is elected for a four-year term,[16] with the possibility of re-election for a second successive term. The current president is Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva.[211] The President appoints the Ministers of State, who assist in government.[16]
Legislative houses in each political entity are the main source of law in Brazil. The National Congress is the Federation's bicameral legislature, consisting of the Chamber of Deputies and the Federal Senate. Judiciary authorities exercise jurisdictional duties almost exclusively. In 2021, the Economist Intelligence Unit's Democracy Index categorized Brazil as a "flawed democracy", ranking 46th in the report,[212] and Freedom House classified it as a free country at Freedom in the World report.[213]
The political-administrative organization of the Federative Republic of Brazil comprises the Union, the states, the Federal District, and the municipalities.[16] The Union, the states, the Federal District, and the municipalities, are the "spheres of government". The federation is set on five fundamental principles: sovereignty, citizenship, dignity of human beings, the social values of labor and freedom of enterprise, and political pluralism.[16]
The classic tripartite branches of government (executive, legislative and judicial under a checks and balances system) are formally established by the Constitution.[16] The executive and legislative are organized independently in all three spheres of government, while the judiciary is organized only at the federal and state and Federal District spheres. All members of the executive and legislative branches are directly elected.[214][215][216]
For most of its democratic history, Brazil has had a multi-party system, with proportional representation. Voting is compulsory for the literate between 18 and 70 years old and optional for illiterates and those between 16 and 18 or beyond 70.[16] The country has around 30 registered political parties. Twenty political parties are represented in Congress. It is common for politicians to switch parties, and thus the proportion of congressional seats held by particular parties changes regularly.[217]
Law
.jpg)
Brazilian law is based on the civil law legal system[218] and civil law concepts prevail over common law practice. Most of Brazilian law is codified, although non-codified statutes also represent a substantial part, playing a complementary role. Court decisions set out interpretive guidelines; however, they are seldom binding on other specific cases. Doctrinal works and the works of academic jurists have strong influence in law creation and in law cases. Judges and other judicial officials are appointed after passing entry exams.[214]
The legal system is based on the Federal Constitution, promulgated on 5 October 1988, and the fundamental law of Brazil. All other legislation and court decisions must conform to its rules.[219] As of July 2022[update], there have been 124 amendments.[220] The highest court is the Supreme Federal Court. States have their own constitutions, which must not contradict the Federal Constitution.[221] Municipalities and the Federal District have "organic laws" (leis orgânicas), which act in a similar way to constitutions.[222] Legislative entities are the main source of statutes, although in certain matters judiciary and executive bodies may enact legal norms.[16] Jurisdiction is administered by the judiciary entities, although in rare situations the Federal Constitution allows the Federal Senate to pass on legal judgments.[16] There are also specialized military, labor and electoral courts.[16]
Military
.jpg)
The armed forces of Brazil are the largest in Latin America by active personnel and the largest in terms of military equipment.[223] The country was considered the 9th largest military power on the planet in 2021.[224][225] It consists of the Brazilian Army (including the Army Aviation Command), the Brazilian Navy (including the Marine Corps and Naval Aviation) and the Brazilian Air Force. Brazil's conscription policy gives it one of the world's largest military forces, estimated at more than 1.6 million reservists annually.[226] The Air Force is the largest in Latin America and has about 700 crewed aircraft in service and effective about 67,000 personnel.[227]
Numbering close to 236,000 active personnel,[228] the Brazilian Army has the largest number of armored vehicles in South America, including armored transports and tanks.[229] The states' Military Police and the Military Firefighters Corps are described as an ancillary forces of the Army by the constitution, but are under the control of each state's governor.[16]
Brazil's navy once operated some of the most powerful warships in the world with the two Minas Geraes-class dreadnoughts, sparking a naval arms race between Argentina, Brazil, and Chile.[230] Today, it is a green water force and has a group of specialized elite in retaking ships and naval facilities, GRUMEC, unit specially trained to protect Brazilian oil platforms along its coast.[231] As of 2022[update], it is the only navy in Latin America that operates a helicopter carrier, NAM Atlântico and one of twelve navies in the world to operate or have one under construction.[232]
Foreign policy
Brazil's international relations are based on Article 4 of the Federal Constitution, which establishes non-intervention, self-determination, international cooperation and the peaceful settlement of conflicts as the guiding principles of Brazil's relationship with other countries and multilateral organizations.[233] According to the Constitution, the President has ultimate authority over foreign policy, while the Congress is tasked with reviewing and considering all diplomatic nominations and international treaties, as well as legislation relating to Brazilian foreign policy.[234]
Brazil's foreign policy is a by-product of the country's position as a regional power in Latin America, a leader among developing countries, and an emerging world power.[235] Brazilian foreign policy has generally been based on the principles of multilateralism, peaceful dispute settlement, and non-intervention in the affairs of other countries.[236] Brazil is a founding member state of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP), also known as the Lusophone Commonwealth, an international organization and political association of Lusophone nations.
An increasingly well-developed tool of Brazil's foreign policy is providing aid as a donor to other developing countries.[237] Brazil does not just use its growing economic strength to provide financial aid, but it also provides high levels of expertise and most importantly of all, a quiet non-confrontational diplomacy to improve governance levels.[237] Total aid is estimated to be around $1 billion per year, which includes.[237] In addition, Brazil already managed a peacekeeping mission in Haiti ($350 million) and makes in-kind contributions to the World Food Programme ($300 million).[237] The scale of this aid places it on par with China and India.[237] The Brazilian South-South aid has been described as a "global model in waiting".[238]
Law enforcement and crime
In Brazil, the Constitution establishes six different police agencies for law enforcement: Federal Police Department, Federal Highway Police, Federal Railroad Police, Federal, District and State Penal Police (included by the Constitutional Amendment No. 104, of 2019), Military Police and Civil Police. Of these, the first three are affiliated with federal authorities, the last two are subordinate to state governments and the Penal Police can be subordinated to the federal or state/district government. All police forces are overseen by the executive branch of the federal or state government.[16] The National Public Security Force also can act in public disorder situations arising anywhere in the country.[239]
The country has high levels of violent crime, such as gun violence and homicides. In 2012, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated the number of 32 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants, one of the highest rates of homicide of the world.[240] The number considered acceptable by the WHO is about 10 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants.[241] In 2018, Brazil had a record 63,880 murders.[242] However, there are differences between the crime rates in the Brazilian states. While in São Paulo the homicide rate registered in 2013 was 10.8 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants, in Alagoas it was 64.7 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants.[243]
Brazil also has high levels of incarceration. It had the third largest prison population in the world of approximately 700,000 prisoners as of June 2014, which put it only behind the United States (2,228,424) and China (1,701,344).[244] The high number of prisoners eventually overloaded the Brazilian prison system, leading to a shortfall of about 200,000 accommodations.[245]
Human rights
Human rights in Brazil include the right to life and freedom of speech; and condemnation of slavery and torture. The nation ratified the American Convention on Human Rights.[246] The 2017 Freedom in the World report by Freedom House gives Brazil a score of "2" for both political rights and civil liberties; "1" represents the most free, and "7", the least.[247]
However, the following human rights problems have been reported: torture of detainees and inmates by police and prison security forces; inability to protect witnesses involved in criminal cases; harsh conditions; prolonged pretrial detention and inordinate delays of trials; reluctance to prosecute as well as inefficiency in prosecuting government officials for corruption; violence and discrimination against women;[248] violence against children, including sexual abuse; human trafficking; police brutality;[249] discrimination against black and indigenous people;[250] failure to enforce labour laws; and child labour in the informal sector. Human rights violators often enjoy impunity.[251] According to UNESCO, "Brazil promotes a vast array of actions for the advancement and defense of human rights, even though it faces enormous social and economic inequalities".[252]Same-sex couples in Brazil have held nationwide marriage rights since May 2013.[253]
Political subdivisions
Brazil is a federation composed of 26 states, one federal district, and the 5,570 municipalities.[16] States have autonomous administrations, collect their own taxes and receive a share of taxes collected by the Federal government. They have a governor and a unicameral legislative body elected directly by their voters. They also have independent Courts of Law for common justice. Despite this, states have much less autonomy to create their own laws than in other federal states such as the United States. For example, criminal and civil laws can be voted by only the federal bicameral Congress and are uniform throughout the country.[16]
Municipalities, as the states, have autonomous administrations, collect their own taxes and receive a share of taxes collected by the federal and state government.[16] Each has an elected mayor and legislative body, but no separate Court of Law. Indeed, a Court of Law organized by the state can encompass many municipalities in a single justice administrative division called comarca (county).[16]
Brazil's constitution also provides for the creation of federal territories, which are administrative divisions directly controlled by the federal government. However, there are currently no federal territories in the country, as the 1988 Constitution abolished the last three: Amapá and Roraima (which gained statehood status) and Fernando de Noronha, which became a state district of Pernambuco.[254][255]
Economy
.jpg)
Brazil's upper-middle income mixed market economy is rich in natural resources.[259] It has the largest national economy in Latin America, the eighth-largest economy in the world by nominal GDP, and the eighth-largest by PPP. After rapid growth in preceding decades, the country entered an ongoing recession in 2014 amid a political corruption scandal and nationwide protests. A developing country, Brazil has a labor force of roughly 100 million,[260] which is the world's fifth-largest; with a high unemployment rate of 14.4% as of 2021[update].[261] Its foreign exchange reserves are the tenth-highest in the world.[262] The B3 in São Paulo is the largest stock exchange of Latin America by market capitalization. In regards to poverty, about 1.9% of the total population lives at $2.15 a day,[263] while about 19% live at $6.85 a day.[264] Brazil's economy suffers from endemic corruption and high income inequality.[265] The Brazilian real is the national currency.
Brazil's diversified economy includes agriculture, industry and a wide range of services.[266] The large service sector accounts for about 72.7% of total GDP, followed by the industrial sector (20.7%), while the agriculture sector is by far the smallest, making up 6.6% of total GDP.[267]
Brazil is one of the largest producers of various agricultural commodities,[268] and also has a large cooperative sector that provides 50% of the food in the country.[269] It has been the world's largest producer of coffee for the last 150 years.[30] Brazil is the world's largest producer of sugarcane, soy, coffee and orange; is one of the top 5 producers of maize, cotton, lemon, tobacco, pineapple, banana, beans, coconut, watermelon and papaya; and is one of the top 10 world producers of cocoa, cashew, mango, rice, tomato, sorghum, tangerine, avocado, persimmon, and guava, among others. Regarding livestock, it is one of the 5 largest producers of chicken meat, beef, pork and cow's milk in the world.[270] In the mining sector, Brazil is among the largest producers of iron ore, copper, gold,[271] bauxite, manganese, tin, niobium,[272] and nickel. In terms of precious stones, Brazil is the world's largest producer of amethyst, topaz, agate and one of the main producers of tourmaline, emerald, aquamarine, garnet and opal.[273][274] The country is a major exporter of soy, iron ore, pulp (cellulose), maize, beef, chicken meat, soybean meal, sugar, coffee, tobacco, cotton, orange juice, footwear, airplanes, cars, vehicle parts, gold, ethanol and semi-finished iron, among other products.[275][276]
Brazil is the world's 24th-largest exporter and 26th-largest importer as of 2021[update].[277][278] China is its largest trading partner, accounting for 32% of the total trade. Other large trading partners include the United States, Argentina, the Netherlands and Canada.[279] Its automotive industry is the eighth-largest in the world.[280] In the food industry, Brazil was the second-largest exporter of processed foods in the world in 2019.[281] The country was the second-largest producer of pulp in the world and the eighth-largest producer of paper in 2016.[282] In the footwear industry, Brazil was the fourth-largest producer in 2019.[283] It was also the ninth-largest producer of steel in the world.[284][285][286] In 2018, the chemical industry of Brazil was the eighth-largest in the world.[287][288][289] Although it was among the five largest world producers in 2013, Brazil's textile industry is very little integrated into world trade.[290]
The tertiary sector (trade and services) represented 75.8% of the country's GDP in 2018, according to the IBGE. The service sector was responsible for 60% of GDP and trade for 13%. It covers commerce, transport, education, social and health services, research and development, sports activities, etc.[291][292] Micro and small businesses represent 30% of the country's GDP. In the commercial sector, for example, they represent 53% of the GDP within the activities of the sector.[293]
Tourism
.jpg)
Tourism in Brazil is a growing sector and key to the economies of several regions of the country. The country had 6.36 million visitors in 2015, ranking in terms of the international tourist arrivals as the main destination in South America and second in Latin America after Mexico.[294] Revenues from international tourists reached US$6 billion in 2010, showing a recovery from the 2008–2009 economic crisis.[295] Historical records of 5.4 million visitors and US$6.8 billion in receipts were reached in 2011.[296][297] In the list of world tourist destinations, in 2018, Brazil was the 48th most visited country, with 6.6 million tourists (and revenues of 5.9 billion dollars).[298]
Natural areas are its most popular tourism product, a combination of ecotourism with leisure and recreation, mainly sun and beach, and adventure travel, as well as cultural tourism. Among the most popular destinations are the Amazon Rainforest, beaches and dunes in the Northeast Region, the Pantanal in the Center-West Region, beaches at Rio de Janeiro and Santa Catarina, cultural tourism in Minas Gerais and business trips to São Paulo.[299]
In terms of the 2015 Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI), which is a measurement of the factors that make it attractive to develop business in the travel and tourism industry of individual countries, Brazil ranked in the 28th place at the world's level, third in the Americas, after Canada and United States.[300][301] Domestic tourism is a key market segment for the tourism industry in Brazil. In 2005, 51 million Brazilian nationals made ten times more trips than foreign tourists and spent five times more money than their international counterparts.[302] The main destination states in 2023 were São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Rio Grande do Sul.[303][304] The main source of tourists for the entire country is São Paulo state.[305] In terms of tourism revenues, the top earners by state were São Paulo and Bahia.[306] For 2005, the three main trip purposes were visiting friends and family (53.1%), sun and beach (40.8%), and cultural tourism (12.5%).[307]
Science and technology
.jpg)
Technological research in Brazil is largely carried out in public universities and research institutes, with the majority of funding for basic research coming from various government agencies.[308] Brazil's most esteemed technological hubs are the Oswaldo Cruz Institute, the Butantan Institute, the Air Force's Aerospace Technical Center, the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation and the National Institute for Space Research.[309][310]
The Brazilian Space Agency has the most advanced space program in Latin America, with significant resources to launch vehicles, and manufacture of satellites.[311] The country develops submarines and aircraft, as well as being involved in space research, having a Vehicle Launch Center Light and being the only country in the Southern Hemisphere to integrate a team building the well-known International Space Station (ISS).[312]
The country is also a pioneer in the search for oil in deep water, from where it extracts 73% of its reserves. Uranium is enriched at the Resende Nuclear Fuel Factory, mostly for research purposes (as Brazil obtains 88% of its electricity from hydroelectricity[313]) and the country's first nuclear submarine is expected to be launched in 2029.[314]
Brazil is one of the three countries in Latin America[315] with an operational Synchrotron Laboratory, a research facility on physics, chemistry, material science and life sciences, and Brazil is the only Latin American country to have a semiconductor company with its own fabrication plant, the CEITEC.[316] According to the Global Information Technology Report 2009–2010 of the World Economic Forum, Brazil is the world's 61st largest developer of information technology.[317] Brazil was ranked 50th in the Global Innovation Index in 2024, up from 66th in 2019.[318][319][320]
Among the most renowned Brazilian inventors are priests Bartolomeu de Gusmão, Landell de Moura and Francisco João de Azevedo, besides Alberto Santos-Dumont,[321] Evaristo Conrado Engelberg,[322] Manuel Dias de Abreu,[323] Andreas Pavel[324] and Nélio José Nicolai.[325] Brazilian science is represented by the likes of César Lattes (Brazilian physicist Pathfinder of Pi Meson),[326] Mário Schenberg (considered the greatest theoretical physicist of Brazil),[327] José Leite Lopes (the only Brazilian physicist holder of the UNESCO Science Prize),[328] Artur Ávila (the first Latin American winner of the Fields Medal)[329] and Fritz Müller (pioneer in factual support of the theory of evolution by Charles Darwin).[330]
Energy
Brazil is the world's ninth-largest energy consumer.[331] Much of its energy comes from renewable sources, particularly hydroelectricity and ethanol; the Itaipu Dam is the world's largest hydroelectric plant by energy generation,[332] and the country has other large plants such as Belo Monte and Tucuruí. The first car with an ethanol engine was produced in 1978 and the first airplane engine running on ethanol in 2005.[333]
At the end of 2021 Brazil was the 2nd country in the world in terms of installed hydroelectric power (109.4 GW) and biomass (15.8 GW), the 7th country in the world in terms of installed wind power (21.1 GW) and the 14th country in the world in terms of installed solar power (13.0 GW)—on track to also become one of the top 10 in the world in solar energy.[334] At the end of 2021, Brazil was the 4th largest producer of wind energy in the world (72 TWh), behind only China, the United States and Germany, and the 11th largest producer of solar energy in the world (16.8 TWh).[335]
The main characteristic of the Brazilian energy matrix is that it is much more renewable than that of the world. While in 2019, the world matrix was only 14% made up of renewable energy, Brazil's was at 45%. Petroleum and oil products made up 34.3% of the matrix; sugar cane derivatives, 18%; hydraulic energy, 12.4%; natural gas, 12.2%; firewood and charcoal, 8.8%; varied renewable energies, 7%; mineral coal, 5.3%; nuclear, 1.4%, and other non-renewable energies, 0.6%.[336]
In the electric energy matrix, the difference between Brazil and the world is even greater: while the world only had 25% of renewable electric energy in 2019, Brazil had 83%. The Brazilian electric matrix was composed of: hydraulic energy, 64.9%; biomass, 8.4%; wind energy, 8.6%; solar energy, 1%; natural gas, 9.3%; oil products, 2%; nuclear, 2.5%; coal and derivatives, 3.3%.[336] Brazil has the largest electricity sector in Latin America. Its capacity at the end of 2021 was 181,532 MW.[337]
As for oil, the Brazilian government has embarked on a program over the decades to reduce dependence on imported oil, which previously accounted for more than 70% of the country's oil needs. Brazil became self-sufficient in oil in 2006–2007. In 2021, the country closed the year as the 7th oil producer in the world, with an average of close to three million barrels per day, becoming an exporter of the product.[338][339]
Transportation
Brazilian roads are the primary carriers of freight and passenger traffic. The road system totaled 1,720,000 km (1,068,758 mi) in 2019.[342] The total of paved roads increased from 35,496 km (22,056 mi) in 1967 to 215,000 km (133,595 mi) in 2018.[343][344]
Brazil's railway system has been declining since 1945, when emphasis shifted to highway construction. The country's total railway track length was 30,576 km (18,999 mi) in 2015,[345] as compared with 31,848 km (19,789 mi) in 1970, making it the ninth largest network in the world. Most of the railway system belonged to the Federal Railroad Network Corporation (RFFSA), which was privatized in 2007.[346] The São Paulo Metro began operating on 14 September 1974 as the first underground transit system in Brazil.[347]
There are about 2,500 airports in Brazil, including landing fields: the second-largest number in the world, after the United States.[348] São Paulo–Guarulhos International Airport, near São Paulo, is the largest and busiest airport with nearly 43 million passengers annually, while handling the vast majority of commercial traffic for the country.[349][350]
For freight transport, waterways are of importance. The industrial zones of Manaus can be reached only by means of the Solimões–Amazonas waterway (3,250 kilometers or 2,020 miles in length, with a minimum depth of six meters or 20 feet). The country also has 50,000 kilometers (31,000 miles) of waterways.[351] Coastal shipping links widely separated parts of the country. Bolivia and Paraguay have been given free ports at Santos. Of the 36 deep-water ports, Santos, Itajaí, Rio Grande, Paranaguá, Rio de Janeiro, Sepetiba, Vitória, Suape, Manaus and São Francisco do Sul are the most important.[352] Bulk carriers have to wait up to 18 days before being serviced; container ships take 36.3 hours on average.[353]
Demographics
According to the latest official projection, it is estimated that Brazil’s population was 210,862,983 on July 1, 2022—an adjustment of 3.9% from the initial figure of 203 million reported by the 2022 census.[354] The population of Brazil, as recorded by the 2008 PNAD, was approximately 190 million[355] (22.31 inhabitants per square kilometer or 57.8/sq mi), with a ratio of men to women of 0.95:1[356] and 83.75% of the population defined as urban.[357] The population is heavily concentrated in the Southeastern (79.8 million inhabitants) and Northeastern (53.5 million inhabitants) regions, while the two most extensive regions, the Center-West and the North, which together make up 64.12% of the Brazilian territory, have a total of only 29.1 million inhabitants.
The first census in Brazil was carried out in 1872 and recorded a population of 9,930,478.[358] From 1880 to 1930, 4 million Europeans arrived.[359] Brazil's population increased significantly between 1940 and 1970, because of a decline in the mortality rate, even though the birth rate underwent a slight decline. In the 1940s the annual population growth rate was 2.4%, rising to 3.0% in the 1950s and remaining at 2.9% in the 1960s, as life expectancy rose from 44 to 54 years[360] and to 72.6 years in 2007.[361] It has been steadily falling since the 1960s, from 3.04% per year between 1950 and 1960 to 1.05% in 2008 and is expected to fall to a negative value of –0.29% by 2050[362] thus completing the demographic transition.[363]
In 2008, the illiteracy rate was 11.48%.[364]
Race and ethnicity
Race and ethnicity in Brazil 2022
According to the 2022 Brazilian census, 45.3% of the population (92,1 million) described themselves as Pardo (meaning brown or mixed), 43.5% (88,2 million) as White, 10.2% (20,7 million) as Black, 0.6% (1,2 million) as Indigenous and 0.4% (850 thousand) as East Asian (officially called yellow or amarela).[365]
Since the arrival of the Portuguese in 1500, considerable genetic mixing between Amerindians, Europeans, and Africans has taken place in all regions of the country:
- European ancestry being dominant according to all autosomal studies undertaken covering the population, accounting for between 60% and 65% of the average genetic makeup of the Brazilian population.[366][367][368][369]
- African ancestry among the Brazilians is estimated at 20% to 25% of the average genetic makeup[368][370] [371]
- Indigenous ancestry is significant and present in all regions of Brazil, accounting for around 15% to 20% of the average genetic ancestry of Brazilians.[372][373][374][375][376][377][378]
From the 19th century, Brazil opened its borders to immigration. About five million people from over 60 countries migrated to Brazil between 1808 and 1972, most of them of Portuguese, Italian, Spanish, German, English, Ukrainian, Polish, Jewish, African, Armenian, Russian, Chinese, Japanese, Korean and Arab origin.[379][380][381] Brazil has the second-largest Jewish community in both Latin and South America after Argentina making up 0.06% of its population.[382] Outside of the Arab world, Brazil also has the largest population of Arab ancestry in the world, with 15–20 million people.[383][384] According to Brazil's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Brazil is home to a Lebanese diaspora of 7 million to 10 million, surpassing the population of Lebanese individuals residing in Lebanon.[385]
Brazilian society is more markedly divided by social class lines, although a high income disparity is found between race groups, so racism and classism often overlap. The brown population (officially called pardo in Portuguese, also colloquially moreno)[386][387] is a broad category that includes caboclos (assimilated Amerindians in general, and descendants of Whites and Natives), mulatos (descendants of primarily Whites and Afro-Brazilians) and cafuzos (descendants of Afro-Brazilians and Natives).[386][387][388][389][390] Higher percents of Blacks, mulattoes and tri-racials can be found in the eastern coast of the Northeastern region from Bahia to Paraíba[390][391] and also in northern Maranhão,[392][393] southern Minas Gerais[394] and eastern Rio de Janeiro.[390][394]
People of considerable Amerindian ancestry form the majority of the population in the Northern, Northeastern and Center-Western regions.[395] In 2007, the National Indian Foundation estimated that Brazil has 67 different uncontacted tribes, up from their estimate of 40 in 2005. Brazil is believed to have the largest number of uncontacted peoples in the world.[396]
Religion
Religion in Brazil (2010 Census)
Christianity is the country's predominant faith, with Roman Catholicism being its largest denomination. Brazil has the world's largest Catholic population.[397][398] According to the 2010 demographic census (the PNAD survey does not inquire about religion), 64.63% of the population followed Roman Catholicism; 22.2% Protestantism; 2.0% Kardecist spiritism; 3.2% other religions, undeclared or undetermined; while 8.0% had no religion.[399] In 2020, it was estimated that 48% were Roman Catholic; 33% Protestant; 14% irreligious; 2% Spiritist; 2% other Christian; 1% Afro-Brazilian religious; and 0.5% other.[400] In another 2020 study by the Association of Religion Data Archives (ARDA), Christians made up 90.77% of the population; among Christians, 70.57% were Roman Catholic; 15.12% Protestant; 12.23% Independents, 0.12% Orthodox, and 0.09% unaffiliated Christian.[401] Kardecist spiritism was the second-largest religion practiced in Brazil as ARDA's 2020 study, with 4.83% of the population. Of its 3.03% irreligious population, 2.59% were agnostic and 0.44% atheist.[401]
Religion in Brazil was formed from the meeting of the Roman Catholic Church with the religious traditions of enslaved African peoples and indigenous peoples.[402] This confluence of faiths during the Portuguese colonization of Brazil led to the development of a diverse array of syncretistic practices within the overarching umbrella of Brazilian Catholic Church, characterized by traditional Portuguese festivities.[403]
Religious pluralism increased during the 20th century,[404] and the Protestant community had grown to include over 22% of the population by 2010.[405] The most common Protestant denominations are Evangelical Pentecostal ones. Other Protestant branches with a notable presence in the country include the Baptists, Seventh-day Adventists, Lutherans and the Reformed tradition.[406] In recent decades, Protestantism, particularly in forms of Pentecostalism and Evangelicalism, has spread in Brazil, while the proportion of Catholics had dropped significantly during the 2010s.[407] As they have spread throughout Brazil, many have even been deeply involved in Brazilian and international politics,[408][409] and Evangelical Protestant influence has been implicated in the 2022 Brazilian coup plot.[410]
After Protestantism, individuals professing no religion are also a significant group, having exceeded 8% of the population according to the 2010 census. The cities of Boa Vista, Salvador, and Porto Velho have the greatest proportion of Irreligious residents in Brazil. Teresina, Fortaleza, and Florianópolis were the most Roman Catholic in the country.[411] Greater Rio de Janeiro, not including the city proper, is the most irreligious and least Roman Catholic Brazilian periphery, while Greater Porto Alegre and Greater Fortaleza are on the opposite sides of the lists, respectively.[411]
In October 2009, the Brazilian Senate approved and enacted by the President of Brazil in February 2010, an agreement with the Vatican, in which the Legal Statute of the Catholic Church in Brazil is recognized.[412][413]
Health
The Brazilian public health system, the Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde – SUS), is managed and provided by all levels of government,[414] being the largest system of this type in the world.[415] On the other hand, private healthcare systems play a complementary role.[416] Public health services are universal and offered to all citizens of the country for free. However, the construction and maintenance of health centers and hospitals are financed by taxes, and the country spends about 9% of its GDP on expenditures in the area. In 2012, Brazil had 1.85 doctors and 2.3 hospital beds for every 1,000 inhabitants.[417][418]
Despite all the progress made since the creation of the universal health care system in 1988, there are still several public health problems in Brazil. In 2006, the main points to be solved were the high infant (2.51%) and maternal mortality rates (73.1 deaths per 1000 births).[419]
The number of deaths from noncommunicable diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases (151.7 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants) and cancer (72.7 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants), also has a considerable impact on the health of the Brazilian population. Finally, external but preventable factors such as car accidents, violence and suicide caused 14.9% of all deaths in the country.[419] The Brazilian health system was ranked 125th among the 191 countries evaluated by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2000.[420]
Education
The Federal Constitution and the Law of Guidelines and Bases of National Education determine that the Union, the states, the Federal District and the municipalities must manage and organize their respective education systems. Each of these public educational systems is responsible for its own maintenance, which manages funds as well as the mechanisms and funding sources. The constitution reserves 25% of the state budget and 18% of federal taxes and municipal taxes for education.[421]
According to the IBGE, in 2019, the literacy rate of the population was 93.4%, meaning that 11.3 million (6.6% of population) people are still illiterate in the country, with some states such as Rio de Janeiro and Santa Catarina reaching around 97% of literacy rate;[422] functional illiteracy has reached 21.6% of the population.[423] Illiteracy is higher in the Northeast, where 13.87% of the population is illiterate, while the South, has 3.3% of its population illiterate.[424][422]
Brazil's private institutions tend to be more exclusive and offer better quality education, so many high-income families send their children there. The result is a segregated educational system that reflects extreme income disparities and reinforces social inequality. However, efforts to change this are making impacts.[425] The University of São Paulo is often considered the best in Brazil and Latin America.[426][427] Of the top 20 Latin American universities, eight are Brazilian. Most of them are public. Attending an institution of higher education is required by Law of Guidelines and Bases of Education. Kindergarten, elementary and medium education are required of all students.[428]
Language
.jpg)
The official language of Brazil is Portuguese (Article 13 of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Brazil), which almost all of the population speaks and is virtually the only language used in newspapers, radio, television, and for business and administrative purposes. Brazil is the only Portuguese-speaking nation in the Americas, making the language an important part of Brazilian national identity and giving it a national culture distinct from those of its Spanish-speaking neighbors.[429]
Brazilian Portuguese has had its own development, mostly similar to 16th-century Central and Southern dialects of European Portuguese[430] (despite a very substantial number of Portuguese colonial settlers, and more recent immigrants, coming from Northern regions, and in minor degree Portuguese Macaronesia), with a few influences from the Amerindian and African languages, especially West African and Bantu restricted to the vocabulary only.[431] As a result, the language is somewhat different, mostly in phonology, from the language of Portugal and other Portuguese-speaking countries (the dialects of the other countries, partly because of the more recent end of Portuguese colonialism in these regions, have a closer connection to contemporary European Portuguese). These differences are comparable to those between American and British English.[431]
The 2002 sign language law[432] requires government authorities and public agencies to accept and provide information in Língua Brasileira dos Sinais or "LIBRAS", the Brazilian Sign Language, while a 2005 presidential edict[433] extends this to require teaching of the language as a part of the education and speech and language pathology curricula. LIBRAS teachers, instructors and translators are recognized professionals. Schools and health services must provide access ("inclusion") to deaf people.[434]
Minority languages are spoken throughout the nation. One hundred and eighty Amerindian languages are spoken in remote areas and a significant number of other languages are spoken by immigrants and their descendants.[431] In the municipality of São Gabriel da Cachoeira, Nheengatu (a currently endangered creole language with Tupi lexicon and Portuguese-based grammar that, together with its southern relative língua geral paulista, once was a major lingua franca in Brazil),[435][excessive detail?] Baniwa and Tucano languages had been granted co-official status with Portuguese.[436]
There are significant communities of German (mostly the Brazilian Hunsrückisch, a High German language dialect) and Italian (mostly the Talian, a Venetian dialect) origins in the Southern and Southeastern regions, whose ancestors' native languages were carried along to Brazil, and which, still alive there, are influenced by the Portuguese language.[437][438] Talian is officially a historic patrimony of Rio Grande do Sul,[439] and two German dialects possess co-official status in a few municipalities.[440] Italian is also recognized as ethnic language in Santa Teresa and Vila Velha, in the state of Espírito Santo, and is taught as mandatory second language at school.[citation needed]
Urbanization
According to IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) urban areas already concentrate 84.35% of the population, while the Southeast region remains the most populated one, with over 80 million inhabitants.[441] The largest urban agglomerations in Brazil are São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Belo Horizonte—all in the Southeastern Region—with 21.1, 12.3, and 5.1 million inhabitants respectively.[442][443][444] The majority of state capitals are the largest cities in their states, except for Vitória, the capital of Espírito Santo, and Florianópolis, the capital of Santa Catarina.[445]
Largest urban agglomerations in Brazil
| |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | Name | State | Pop. | Rank | Name | State | Pop. | ||
 São Paulo  Rio de Janeiro |
1 | São Paulo | São Paulo | 21,314,716 | 11 | Belém | Pará | 2,157,180 | |
| 2 | Rio de Janeiro | Rio de Janeiro | 12,389,775 | 12 | Manaus | Amazonas | 2,130,264 | ||
| 3 | Belo Horizonte | Minas Gerais | 5,142,260 | 13 | Campinas | São Paulo | 2,105,600 | ||
| 4 | Recife | Pernambuco | 4,021,641 | 14 | Vitória | Espírito Santo | 1,837,047 | ||
| 5 | Brasília | Federal District | 3,986,425 | 15 | Baixada Santista | São Paulo | 1,702,343 | ||
| 6 | Porto Alegre | Rio Grande do Sul | 3,894,232 | 16 | São José dos Campos | São Paulo | 1,572,943 | ||
| 7 | Salvador | Bahia | 3,863,154 | 17 | São Luís | Maranhão | 1,421,569 | ||
| 8 | Fortaleza | Ceará | 3,594,924 | 18 | Natal | Rio Grande do Norte | 1,349,743 | ||
| 9 | Curitiba | Paraná | 3,387,985 | 19 | Maceió | Alagoas | 1,231,965 | ||
| 10 | Goiânia | Goiás | 2,347,557 | 20 | João Pessoa | Paraíba | 1,168,941 | ||
Culture
.jpg)
The core culture of Brazil is derived from Portuguese culture, because of its strong colonial ties with the Portuguese Empire.[449] Among other influences, the Portuguese introduced the Portuguese language, Roman Catholicism and colonial architectural styles. The culture was also strongly influenced by African, indigenous and non-Portuguese European cultures and traditions.[450]
Some aspects of Brazilian culture were influenced by the contributions of Italian, German and other European as well as Japanese, Jewish and Arab immigrants who arrived in large numbers in the South and Southeast of Brazil during the 19th and 20th centuries.[451] The indigenous Amerindians influenced Brazil's language and cuisine; and the Africans influenced language, cuisine, music, dance and religion.[452]
Brazilian art has developed since the 16th century into different styles that range from Baroque (the dominant style in Brazil until the early 19th century)[453][454] to Romanticism, Modernism, Expressionism, Cubism, Surrealism and Abstractionism. Brazilian cinema dates back to the birth of the medium in the late 19th century and has gained a new level of international acclaim since the 1960s.[455]
Architecture
The architecture of Brazil is influenced by Europe, especially Portugal. It has a history that goes back 500 years to the time, when Pedro Álvares Cabral landed in Brazil in 1500. Portuguese colonial architecture was the first wave of architecture to go to Brazil.[456] It is the basis for all Brazilian architecture of later centuries.[457] In the 19th century, during the time of the Empire of Brazil, the country followed European trends and adopted Neoclassical and Gothic Revival architecture. Then, in the 20th century, especially in Brasília, Brazil experimented with modernist architecture.
The colonial architecture of Brazil dates to the early 16th century, when Brazil was first explored, conquered and settled by the Portuguese. The Portuguese built architecture familiar to them in Europe in their aim to colonize Brazil. They built Portuguese colonial architecture, which included churches and civic architecture, including houses and forts, in Brazilian cities and the countryside.[458]
During the 19th century, Brazilian architecture saw the introduction of more European styles to Brazil, such as Neoclassical and Gothic Revival architecture. This was usually mixed with Brazilian influences from their own heritage.[458] In the 1950s modernist architecture was introduced when Brasília was built as a new federal capital in the interior of Brazil to help develop the interior. The architect Oscar Niemeyer idealized and built government buildings, churches and civic buildings in the modernist style.[459]
Music
The music of Brazil was formed mainly from the fusion of European, Native Indigenous, and African elements.[460] Until the nineteenth century, Portugal was the gateway to most of the influences that built Brazilian music, although many of these elements were not of Portuguese origin, but generally European. The first was José Maurício Nunes Garcia, author of sacred pieces with an influence of Viennese classicism.[461] The major contribution of the African element was the rhythmic diversity and some dances and instruments.[460]
Popular music since the late eighteenth century, samba was considered the most typical and on the UNESCO cultural heritage list.[462] Samba-reggae, Maracatu, Frevo and Afoxê are four music traditions that have been popularized by their appearance in the annual Brazilian Carnivals.[463] Capoeira is usually played with its own music referred to as capoeira music, which is usually considered to be a call-and-response type of folk music.[464] Forró is a type of folk music prominent during the Festa Junina in northeastern Brazil.[465] Jack A. Draper III, a professor of Portuguese at the University of Missouri,[466] argues that Forró was used as a way to subdue feelings of nostalgia for a rural lifestyle.[467]
Choro is a popular musical instrumental style. Its origins are in 19th-century Rio de Janeiro. The style often has a fast and happy rhythm, characterized by subtle modulations and full of syncopation and counterpoint.[468] Bossa nova is also a well-known style of Brazilian music developed and popularized in the 1950s and 1960s.[469] The phrase "bossa nova" means literally 'new trend'.[470] A lyrical fusion of samba and jazz, bossa nova acquired a large following starting in the 1960s.[471] Some international Brazilian music artists are, for example: Villa-Lobos, Tom Jobim, João Gilberto, Sergio Mendes, Eumir Deodato, Kaoma, Sepultura, Olodum and CSS.
Literature
.jpg)
Brazilian literature dates back to the 16th century, to the writings of the first Portuguese explorers in Brazil, such as Pero Vaz de Caminha, filled with descriptions of fauna, flora and commentary about the indigenous population that fascinated European readers.[472]
Brazil produced significant works in Romanticism—novelists such as Joaquim Manuel de Macedo and José de Alencar wrote novels about love and pain. Alencar, in his long career, also treated indigenous people as heroes in the Indigenist novels O Guarani, Iracema and Ubirajara.[473] Machado de Assis, one of his contemporaries, wrote in virtually all genres and continues to gain international prestige from critics worldwide.[474][475][476]
Brazilian Modernism, evidenced by the Modern Art Week in 1922, was concerned with a nationalist avant-garde literature,[477] while Post-Modernism brought a generation of distinct poets such as João Cabral de Melo Neto, Carlos Drummond de Andrade, Vinicius de Moraes, Cora Coralina, Graciliano Ramos, Cecília Meireles, and internationally known writers dealing with universal and regional subjects such as Jorge Amado, João Guimarães Rosa, Clarice Lispector and Manuel Bandeira.[478][479][480]
Brazil's most significant literary award is the Camões Prize, which it shares with the rest of the Portuguese-speaking world. As of 2016, Brazil has eleven recipients of the prize.[481] Brazil also holds its own literary academy, the Brazilian Academy of Letters, a non-profit cultural organization aimed at perpetuating the care of the national language and literature.[482]
Cinema
The Brazilian film industry began in the late 19th century, during the early days of the Belle Époque. While there were national film productions during the early 20th century, American films such as Rio the Magnificent were made in Rio de Janeiro to promote tourism in the city.[483] The films Limite (1931) and Ganga Bruta (1933), the latter being produced by Adhemar Gonzaga through the prolific studio Cinédia, were poorly received at release and failed at the box office, but are acclaimed nowadays and placed among the finest Brazilian films of all time.[484] The 1941 unfinished film It's All True was divided into four segments, two of which were filmed in Brazil and directed by Orson Welles; it was originally produced as part of the United States' Good Neighbor Policy during Getúlio Vargas' Estado Novo government.
During the 1960s, the Cinema Novo movement rose to prominence with directors such as Glauber Rocha, Nelson Pereira dos Santos, Paulo Cesar Saraceni and Arnaldo Jabor. Rocha's films Deus e o Diabo na Terra do Sol (1964) and Terra em Transe (1967) are considered to be some of the greatest and most influential in Brazilian film history.[485]
During the 1990s, Brazil saw a surge of critical and commercial success with films such as O Quatrilho (Fábio Barreto, 1995), O Que É Isso, Companheiro? (Bruno Barreto, 1997) and Central do Brasil (Walter Salles, 1998), all of which were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, the latter receiving a Best Actress nomination for Fernanda Montenegro. The 2002 crime film City of God, directed by Fernando Meirelles, was critically acclaimed, scoring 90% on Rotten Tomatoes,[486] being placed in Roger Ebert's Best Films of the Decade list[487] and receiving four Academy Award nominations in 2004, including Best Director. Notable film festivals in Brazil include the São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro International Film Festivals and the Gramado Festival.
Visual arts
Brazilian painting emerged in the late 16th century,[488] influenced by Baroque, Rococo, Neoclassicism, Romanticism, Realism, Modernism, Expressionism, Surrealism, Cubism and Abstracionism making it a major art style called Brazilian academic art.[489][490]
The French Artistic Mission arrived in Brazil in 1816 proposing the creation of an art academy modeled after the respected Académie des Beaux-Arts, with graduation courses both for artists and craftsmen for activities such as modeling, decorating, carpentry and others and bringing artists such as Jean-Baptiste Debret.[490]
Upon the creation of the Imperial Academy of Fine Arts, new artistic movements spread across the country during the 19th century and later the event called Modern Art Week broke with academic tradition in 1922 and started a nationalist trend which was influenced by modernist arts.[491]
Among the best-known Brazilian painters are Ricardo do Pilar and Manuel da Costa Ataíde (baroque and rococo), Victor Meirelles, Pedro Américo and Almeida Júnior (romanticism and realism), Anita Malfatti, Ismael Nery, Lasar Segall, Emiliano di Cavalcanti, Vicente do Rego Monteiro, and Tarsila do Amaral (expressionism, surrealism and cubism), Aldo Bonadei, José Pancetti and Cândido Portinari (modernism).[492]
Theatre
The theatre in Brazil has its origins in the period of Jesuit expansion, when theater was used for the dissemination of Catholic doctrine in the 16th century. In the 17th and 18th centuries, dramatists on the scene of European derivation were for court or private performances.[493] During the 19th century, the playwrights Antônio Gonçalves Dias and Luís Carlos Martins Pena were known for their performance.[494] There were also numerous operas and orchestras. The Brazilian conductor Antônio Carlos Gomes became internationally known with operas such as Il Guarany. At the end of the 19th century, orchestrated dramaturgias were accompanied with songs of famous artists such as the conductress Chiquinha Gonzaga.[495]
Already in the early 20th century there was the presence of theaters, entrepreneurs and actor companies. In 1940, Paschoal Carlos Magno and his student's theater, the comedians group and the Italian actors Adolfo Celi, Ruggero Jacobbi and Aldo Calvo, founders of the Teatro Brasileiro de Comédia, renewed the Brazilian theater. From the 1960s, it was attended by a theater dedicated to social and religious issues. The most prominent authors at this stage were Jorge Andrade and Ariano Suassuna.[494]
Cuisine
Brazilian cuisine varies greatly by region, reflecting the country's varying mix of indigenous and immigrant populations. This has created a national cuisine marked by the preservation of regional differences.[496] Examples are Feijoada, considered the country's national dish;[497] and regional foods such as beiju, feijão tropeiro, vatapá, moqueca, polenta (from Italian cuisine) and acarajé (from African cuisine).[498] The national beverage is coffee; cachaça is Brazil's native liquor. Cachaça is distilled from sugar cane and is the main ingredient in the national cocktail, Caipirinha.[499]
A typical meal consists mostly of rice and beans with beef, salad, french fries and a fried egg.[500] Often, it is mixed with cassava flour (farofa). Fried potatoes, fried cassava, fried banana, fried meat and fried cheese are very often eaten in lunch and served in most typical restaurants.[501] Popular snacks are pastel (a fried pastry); coxinha (a variation of chicken croquete); pão de queijo (cheese bread and cassava flour / tapioca); pamonha (corn and milk paste); esfirra (a variation of Lebanese pastry); kibbeh (from Arabic cuisine); empanada (pastry) and empada, little salt pies filled with shrimps or heart of palm.
Brazil has a variety of desserts such as brigadeiros (chocolate fudge balls), bolo de rolo (roll cake with goiabada), cocada (a coconut sweet), beijinhos (coconut truffles and clove) and Romeu e Julieta (cheese with goiabada). Peanuts are used to make paçoca, rapadura and pé-de-moleque. Local common fruits such as açaí, cupuaçu, mango, papaya, cocoa, cashew, guava, orange, lime, passionfruit, pineapple, and hog plum are turned in juices and used to make chocolates, ice pops and ice cream.[502]
Media
The Brazilian press was officially born in Rio de Janeiro on 13 May 1808 with the creation of the Royal Printing National Press by the Prince Regent Dom João.[504] The Gazeta do Rio de Janeiro, the first newspaper published in the country, began to circulate on 10 September 1808.[505] The largest newspapers nowadays are Folha de S.Paulo, Super Notícia, O Globo and O Estado de S. Paulo.[506]
Radio broadcasting began on 7 September 1922, with a speech by then President Pessoa, and was formalized on 20 April 1923 with the creation of the "Radio Society of Rio de Janeiro".[507] Television in Brazil began officially on 18 September 1950, with the founding of TV Tupi by Assis Chateaubriand.[508] Since then, television has grown in the country, creating large commercial broadcast networks such as Globo, SBT, RecordTV, Bandeirantes and RedeTV. Today it is the most important factor in the popular culture of Brazilian society, as indicated by research showing that as much as 67%[509][510] of the general population follow the same daily telenovela broadcast.
By the mid-1960s, Brazilian universities had installed mainframe computers from IBM and Burroughs Large Systems. In the 1970s and 1980s, the Brazilian government restricted foreign imports to protect the local manufacturing of computers. In the 1980s, Brazil produced half of the computers sold in the country. By 2009, the mobile phone and Internet use in Brazil was the fifth largest in the world.[511]
In May 2010, the Brazilian government launched TV Brasil Internacional, an international television station, initially broadcasting to 49 countries.[512] Commercial television channels broadcast internationally include Globo Internacional, RecordTV Internacional and Band Internacional.
Sports
.jpg)
.jpg)
The most popular sport in Brazil is football.[515] The Brazilian men's national team is ranked among the best in the world according to the FIFA World Rankings, and has won the World Cup tournament a record five times.[516][517]
Volleyball, basketball, auto racing and martial arts also has large audiences. The Brazil men's national volleyball team, for example, currently holds the titles of the World League, World Grand Champions Cup, World Championship and the World Cup. In auto racing, three Brazilian drivers have won the Formula One world championship eight times.[518][519][520] The country has also produced significant achievements in other sports such as sailing, swimming, tennis, surfing, skateboarding, MMA, gymnastics, boxing, judo, athletics and table tennis.
Some sport variations have their origins in Brazil: beach football,[521] futsal (indoor football)[522] and footvolley emerged in Brazil as variations of football. In martial arts, Brazilians developed Capoeira,[523] Vale tudo[524] and Brazilian jiu-jitsu.[525]
Brazil has hosted several high-profile international sporting events, such as the 1950 FIFA World Cup,[526] and recently has hosted the 2014 FIFA World Cup, 2019 Copa América and 2021 Copa América .[527] The São Paulo circuit, Autódromo José Carlos Pace, hosts the annual Grand Prix of Brazil.[528] São Paulo organized the IV Pan American Games in 1963, and Rio de Janeiro hosted the XV Pan American Games in 2007.[529] On 2 October 2009, Rio de Janeiro was selected to host the 2016 Olympic Games and 2016 Paralympic Games, making it the first South American city to host the games[530] and second in Latin America, after Mexico City. Furthermore, the country hosted the FIBA Basketball World Cups in 1954 and 1963. At the 1963 event, the Brazil national basketball team won one of its two world championship titles.[531]
See also
Notes
- ^ The Brazilian census uses the term amarela (or yellow in English) as a racial category to describe people of East Asian background. This category therefore excludes those of other Asian origins, such as West Asians/Arabs, who are included in the white category, and South Asians.
- ^ Portuguese: Brasil, pronounced [bɾaˈziw] .
- ^ Portuguese: República Federativa do Brasil,[10] pronounced [ʁeˈpublikɐ fedeɾaˈtʃivɐ du bɾaˈziw] .
References
- ^ Exército Brasileiro. "Hino à Bandeira Nacional" (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
- ^ "Censo 2022: Pela 1ª vez, Brasil se declara mais pardo que branco; populações preta e indígena também crescem". 22 December 2023. Archived from the original on 22 December 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
- ^ "2022 Report on International Religious Freedom: Brazil". United States Department of State. Archived from the original on 12 March 2024. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
- ^ - 51% dos brasileiros são católicos, 26%, evangélicos e 10% não têm religião, diz Datafolha. 2020 Retrieved February 7, 2022.
- ^ Araujo, Gabriel (28 June 2023). Grattan, Steven; Rumney, Emma (eds.). "Brazil census shows population growth at its slowest since 1872". Reuters. Archived from the original on 29 June 2023.
- ^ "País tem 90 milhões de domicílios, 34% a mais que em 2010 | Agência de Notícias". Agência de Notícias – IBGE (in Brazilian Portuguese). 28 June 2023. Archived from the original on 5 July 2023. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
- ^ a b c d e "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024 Edition. (Brazil)". www.imf.org. International Monetary Fund. 22 October 2024. Retrieved 22 October 2024.
- ^ "World Bank Open Data". Archived from the original on 9 October 2019. Retrieved 14 April 2024.
- ^ "Human Development Report 2023/24" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. p. 289. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
- ^ José María Bello (1966). A History of Modern Brazil: 1889–1964. Stanford University Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-8047-0238-6.
- ^ Philander, S. George (2012). Encyclopedia of Global Warming and Climate Change, Second Edition. Vol. 1 (Second ed.). Los Angeles: Princeton University. p. 148. ISBN 978-1-4129-9261-9. OCLC 970592418. Archived from the original on 25 October 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
- ^ Vallance, Monique M. (2012). "Preface and Observations on Contemporary Brazil". In Crocitti, John J. (ed.). Brazil Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic. Contributing editor Monique M. Vallance. ABC-CLIO. p. xxiii. ISBN 978-0-313-34672-9. OCLC 787850982. Archived from the original on 25 October 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
- ^ "Os migrantes de hoje". BBC Brasil. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Brazil § geography". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 4 May 2018. (Archived 2018 edition.)
- ^ "Brazil – Land". Permanent Missions. United Nations. Geography. Archived from the original on 23 October 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "Brazilian Federal Constitution" (in Portuguese). Presidency of the Republic. 1988. Archived from the original on 13 December 2007. Retrieved 3 June 2008. "Brazilian Federal Constitution". v-brazil.com. 2007. Archived from the original on 28 September 2018. Retrieved 3 June 2008.
Unofficial translate
- ^ "UNESCO World Heritage Centre — World Heritage List". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 14 March 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2012.
- ^ M. Schaefer; J. Poffenbarger (2014). The Formation of the BRICS and its Implication for the United States: Emerging Together. Springer. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-137-38794-3. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2018.
- ^ Sean W. Burges (2016). Latin America and the Shifting Sands of Globalization. Routledge. pp. 114–15. ISBN 978-1-317-69658-2. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
- ^ Gardini, Gian Luca (2016). "Brazil: What Rise of What Power?". Bulletin of Latin American Research. 35: 5–19. doi:10.1111/blar.12417. ISSN 0261-3050.
- ^ Gratius, Susanne (April 2008). "The international arena and emerging powers: stabilising or destabilising forces?" (PDF). FRIDE. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 June 2016.
- ^ Peter Collecott (29 October 2011). "Brazil's Quest for Superpower Status". The Diplomatic Courier. Archived from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
- ^ Clendenning, Alan (17 April 2008). "Booming Brazil could be world power soon". USA Today. The Associated Press. p. 2. Archived from the original on 20 August 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
- ^ Jorge Dominguez; Byung Kook Kim (2013). Between Compliance and Conflict: East Asia Latin America and the New Pax Americana. Center for International Affairs, Harvard University. pp. 98–99. ISBN 978-1-136-76983-2.
- ^ Vandiver, John (9 May 2019). "Trump bumps up Brazil to 'major non-NATO' ally". Stars and Stripes. Archived from the original on 13 October 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
- ^ "FTSE Country Classification" (PDF). FTSE Group. September 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
- ^ "CIA – The World Factbook – Country Comparisons – GDP (purchasing power parity)". Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 25 January 2011.
- ^ "Country and Lending Groups". World Bank. Archived from the original on 18 March 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
Uppermiddle Income defined as a per capita income between $3,976 – $12,275
- ^ "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Archived from the original on 17 June 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
- ^ a b Jeff Neilson; Bill Pritchard (2011). Value Chain Struggles. John Wiley & Sons. p. 102. ISBN 978-1-4443-5544-4. Archived from the original on 25 October 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
- ^ "Brazil must be a 'facilitator' in the Middle East, says VP". 14 August 2019. Archived from the original on 26 May 2023. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
- ^ Fausto, Boris (1999). A Concise History of Brazil. Cambridge University Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-521-56526-4.
- ^ Jon S. Vincent. (2003). Culture and Customs of Brazil. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-313-30495-8.
- ^ "Brazil | Etymology of the name Brazil by etymonline". Archived from the original on 24 March 2024. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
- ^ Richard P. Tucker (2007). Insatiable Appetite: The Ecological Degradation of the Tropical World. University of Michigan. p. 186. ISBN 978-0-7425-5365-1. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
- ^ Wayne E. Lee (2011). Empires and Indigenes: Intercultural Alliance, Imperial Expansion, and Warfare in the Early Modern World. NYU Press. p. 196. ISBN 978-0-8147-6527-2. Archived from the original on 15 February 2024. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
- ^ Daly, Charles P. (1880). "Maps and Map-making Before Mercator". The Popular Science Monthly. Bonnier Corporation. 473–495, see page 493. ISSN 0161-7370. Archived from the original on 15 February 2024. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
- ^ Jean de Léry (1990). History of a Voyage to the Land of Brazil, Otherwise Called America. University of California Press. p. 242. ISBN 978-0-520-91380-6. Archived from the original on 15 February 2024. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
- ^ Jayme A. Sokolow. (2003). The Great Encounter: Native Peoples and European Settlers in the Americas, 1492–1800. M.E. Sharpe. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-7656-0982-3. Archived from the original on 15 February 2024. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
- ^ Maria Herrera-Sobek (2012). Celebrating Latino Folklore. ABC-CLIO. p. 155. ISBN 978-0-313-34340-7. Archived from the original on 15 February 2024. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
- ^ Romero, Simon (27 March 2014). "Discoveries Challenge Beliefs on Humans' Arrival in the Americas". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
- ^ Ribeiro, Patricia (27 March 2014). "Peter Lund Museum". About.com. Archived from the original on 12 August 2017.
- ^ Robert M. Levine; John J. Crocitti (1999). The Brazil Reader: History, Culture, Politics. Duke University Press. pp. 11–. ISBN 978-0-8223-2290-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
- ^ Roosevelt AC, Housley RA, Imazio da Silveira M, Maranca S, Johnson RI (13 December 1991). "Eighth Millennium Pottery from a Prehistoric Shell Midden [sic] in the Brazilian Amazon". Science. 254 (5038): 1621–1624. Bibcode:1991Sci...254.1621R. doi:10.1126/science.254.5038.1621. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17782213. S2CID 34969614. Archived from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
- ^ Mann, Charles C. (2006) [2005]. 1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus. Vintage Books. pp. 326–33. ISBN 978-1-4000-3205-1.
- ^ Levine, Robert M. (2003). The History of Brazil. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-4039-6255-3.
- ^ Levine (2003), p. 31.
- ^ a b Fausto, Carlos (2000). Zahar, Jorge (ed.). Os Índios antes do Brasil [The Indians before Brazil] (in Portuguese). Jorge Zahar Editor. pp. 45–46, 55. ISBN 978-85-7110-543-0.
- ^ Gomes, Mercio P. The Indians and Brazil University Press of Florida 2000 ISBN 0-8130-1720-3 pp. 28–29
- ^ Fausto (2000), pp. 78–80.
- ^ Fausto (2000), p. 50.
- ^ Terrence McCoy (17 January 2022). "More enslaved Africans came to the Americas through this port than anywhere else. Why have so few heard of it?". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 10 October 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
- ^ Boxer, p. 98.
- ^ a b Boxer, p. 100.
- ^ Boxer, pp. 100–101.
- ^ a b Skidmore, p. 27.
- ^ Boxer, p. 101.
- ^ Meuwese, Mark "Brothers in Arms, Partners in Trade: Dutch-Indigenous Alliances in the Atlantic World, 1595–1674" Koninklijke Brill NV 2012 ISBN 978-90-04-21083-7 Chapter III
- ^ Metcalf, Alida C. "Go-betweens And the Colonization of Brazil: 1500–1600" University of Texas Press 2005, pp. 70, 79, 202 View on Google Books Archived 29 November 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Crocitti & Vallance (2012).
- ^ Minahan, James B. "Ethnic Groups of the Americas" ABC-CLIO 2013 ISBN 978-1-61069-163-5 p. 300, View on Google Books Archived 29 November 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Skidmore, p. 36.
- ^ Richard Middleton and Anne Lombard "Colonial America: A History to 1763" Wiley-Blackwell Publishing 1st edition 1992 ISBN 978-1-4443-9628-7 Chapter 2, Section 4 (final, last page and half of previous one) View on Google Books Archived 29 November 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Boxer, p. 110
- ^ Skidmore, p. 34.
- ^ Boxer, p. 102.
- ^ Skidmore, pp. 32–33.
- ^ Murray, Stuart A. P. (2009). The Library An Illustrated History. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. p. 101. ISBN 978-1-60239-706-4.
- ^ Boxer, p. 164.
- ^ Boxer, pp. 168, 170.
- ^ Boxer, p. 169.
- ^ Kohn, George C. (1986). Dictionary of Wars (1st ed.). Facts on File, Inc. p. 174. ISBN 978-1-4381-2916-7. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
- ^ George Richard Potter; Henry Clifford Darby; Harold Fullard (1957). The New Cambridge Modern History. Vol. 3 (1st ed.). CUP Archive. p. 498. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
- ^ Corrado, Jacopo "The Creole Elite and the Rise of Angolan Protonationalism" Cambria Press 2008 ISBN 978-1-60497-529-1 pp. 95 (Brazil) and 145, note 5 View on Google Books Archived 2 May 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Bethell, Leslie "Colonial Brazil" Cambridge University Press 1987 pp. 19, 74, 86, 169–70
- ^ Schwartz, Stuart B. "Slaves, Peasants, and Rebels" Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois 1992 ISBN 0-252-06549-2 Chapter 4 View on Google Books Archived 29 November 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ MacLachlan, Colin M. "A History of Modern Brazil: The Past Against the Future"; Scholarly Resources Inc. 2003 p. 3 View on Google Books Archived 29 November 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Boxer, p. 213
- ^ Marta Barcellos & Simone Azevedo; Histórias do Mercado de Capitais no Brasil ("Financial Markets' Histories in Brazil") (Portuguese) Campus Elsevier 2011 ISBN 85-352-3994-4 Introduction (by Ney Carvalho), Intro. p. xiv
- ^ Bueno, p. 145.
- ^ Jeffrey C. Mosher (2008). Political Struggle, Ideology, and State Building: Pernambuco and the Construction of Brazil, 1817–1850. U of Nebraska Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-8032-3247-1. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
- ^ Jeremy Adelman (2006). Sovereignty and Revolution in the Iberian Atlantic. Princeton University Press. pp. 334–. ISBN 978-0-691-12664-7. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
- ^ Lustosa, pp. 109–110
- ^ Lustosa, pp. 117–19
- ^ Lustosa, pp. 150–153
- ^ Vianna, p. 418
- ^ Diégues 2004, pp. 168, 164, 178
- ^ Diégues 2004, pp. 179–80
- ^ Lustosa, p. 208
- ^ Fausto (1999), pp. 82–83.
- ^ Lyra (v. 1), p. 17
- ^ Carvalho 2007, p. 21
- ^ Fausto (1999), Chapter 2, 2.1 to 2.3.
- ^ a b Fausto (1999).
- ^ Bethell, Leslie "The Abolition of the Brazilian Slave Trade: Britain, Brazil and the Slave Trade" Cambridge University Press 1970, "Cambridge Latin American Studides", Chapters 9 to 12. View on Google Books Archived 29 November 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Scott, Rebecca and others, The Abolition of Slavery and the Aftermath of Emancipation in Brazil, Duke University Press 1988 ISBN 0-8223-0888-6 Seymour Drescher, Chap. 2: "Brazilian Abolition in Comparative Perspective"
- ^ Levine, Robert M. "The history of Brazil" Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. 1999, p. 62, View on Google Books Archived 29 November 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Lyra (v.1), pp. 164, 225, 272
- ^ Fausto (1999), Chapter 2, p. 83, and 2.6 "The Paraguayan War".
- ^ Ermakoff 2006, p. 189.
- ^ Smallman, Shawn C. (2002). "The Overthrow of the Empire". Fear in Memory in the Brazilian Army and Society. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 16–18. ISBN 978-0-8078-5359-7.
- ^ "Brazil's Proclamation of the Republic through the press". The Brazilian Report. 15 November 2017. Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
- ^ Smallman (2002), end of Chapter 1, from p. 18 "Military rule".
- ^ Smallman (2002), pp. 21–26.
- ^ Triner, Gail D. "Banking and Economic Development: Brazil, 1889–1930" Palgrave 2000, pp. 69–74 ISBN 0-312-23399-X
- ^ Needell, Jeffrey D. "A Tropical Belle Epoque: Elite Culture and Society in Turn-of-the-Century Rio de Janeiro" Cambridge University Press 2010, pp. 10, 12
- ^ David R. Mares; "Violent peace: militarized interstate bargaining in Latin America" Columbia University Press 2001 Chapter 5 p. 125
- ^ Bradford Burns 1993, p. 305
- ^ M.Sharp, I. Westwell & J.Westwood; "History of World War I, Volume 1" Marshall Cavendish Corporation 2002, p. 97
- ^ Uma história diplomática do Brasil, 1531–1945, pp. 265–69
- ^ Charles Howard Ellis; "The origin, structure & working of the League of Nations" The LawBook Exchange Ltd 2003 pp. 105, 145
- ^ Viscount of Taunay (1893), O encilhamento: scenas contemporaneas da bolsa em 1890, 1891 e 1892, Melhoramentos
- ^ Nassif, Luís (2007), Os cabeças-de-planilha, Ediouro, pp. 69–107, ISBN 978-85-00-02094-0
- ^ de Carvalho, Ney O. Ribeiro (2004), O Encilhamento: anatomia de uma bolha brasileira, Bovespa, ISBN 978-85-904019-1-9
- ^ Martins, Hélio L (1997), A Revolta da Armada, BibliEx
- ^ Moniz, Edmundo (1984), Canudos: a luta pela terra, Global
- ^ Sevcenko, Nicolau (2010), A Revolta da Vacina, Cosac Naify, ISBN 978-85-7503-868-0
- ^ de Moura, Aureliano P (2003), Contestado: a guerra cabocla, Biblioteca do Exército
- ^ Thompson, Arthur (1934), Guerra civil do Brazil de 1893–1895, Ravaro
- ^ Roland, Maria Inês (2000), A Revolta da Chibata, Saraiva, ISBN 978-85-02-03095-4
- ^ Forjaz, Maria CS (1977), Tenentismo e politica, Paz e Terra
- ^ Levine; Robert M. & Crocitti; John J. The Brazil Reader: History, Culture, Politics, Duke University Press 1999, IV – The Vargas Era
- ^ Keen, Benjamin / Haynes, Kate A History of Latin America; Volume 2, Waldsworth Cengage Learning 2004, pp. 356–57
- ^ McCann; Frank D. Soldiers of the Patria: A History of the Brazilian Army, 1889–1937, Stanford University Press 2004, p. 303 ISBN 0-8047-3222-1
- ^ Ibidem Williams 2001
- ^ E. Bradford Burns; A History of Brazil Columbia University Press 1993 p. 352 ISBN 978-0-231-07955-6
- ^ Dulles, John W.F. Anarchists and Communists in Brazil, 1900–1935 University of Texas Press 2012 ISBN 0-292-74076-X
- ^ Frank M. Colby, Allen L. Churchill, Herbert T. Wade & Frank H. Vizetelly; The New international year book Dodd, Mead & Co. 1989, p. 102 "The Fascist Revolt"
- ^ Bourne, Richard Getulio Vargas of Brazil, 1883–1954 C. Knight 1974, p. 77
- ^ Scheina, Robert L. Latin America's Wars Vol.II: The Age of the Professional Soldier, 1900–2001. Potomac Books, 2003 ISBN 1-57488-452-2 Part 9; Ch. 17 – World War II, Brazil, and Mexico, 1942–45
- ^ Thomas M. Leonard & John F. Bratzel; Latin America during World War II Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc. 2007 p. 150
- ^ Mónica Hirst & Andrew Hurrell; The United States and Brazil: A Long Road of Unmet Expectations, Taylor & Francis Books 2005 ISBN 0-415-95066-X pp. 4–5
- ^ Castro, Celso; Izecksohn, Vitor; Kraay, Hendrik (2004), Nova história militar brasileira, Fundação Getúlio Vargas, pp. 13–14, ISBN 978-85-225-0496-1
- ^ McCann 2004, p. 441
- ^ Roett; Riordan Brazil: Politics in a Patrimonial Society, GreenWood Publishing Group 1999, pp. 106–08 ISBN 0-275-95899-X
- ^ Keen & Haynes 2004, pp. 361–62
- ^ Skidmore, p. 201
- ^ Skidmore, pp. 202–203
- ^ Skidmore, p. 204
- ^ Skidmore, pp. 204–205
- ^ Skidmore, pp. 209–210
- ^ Skidmore, p. 210
- ^ Fausto (2005), p. 397
- ^ Gaspari, A Ditadura Envergonhada, pp. 141–42.
- ^ Gaspari, A Ditadura Envergonhada, p. 35.
- ^ Crocitti & Vallance (2012), p. 395, last paragraph.
- ^ Richard Young, Odile Cisneros "Historical Dictionary of Latin American Literature and Theater" Scare Crow Press 2011, p. 224, 2nd § View on Google Books Archived 29 November 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Laurence Burgorgue-Larsen & Amaya Úbeda de Torres "The Inter-American Court of Human Rights: Case Law and Commentary" Oxford University Press 2011 ISBN 978-0-19-958878-7 p. 299 View on Google Books Archived 29 November 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Crocitti & Vallance (2012), p. 396.
- ^ Crocitti & Vallance (2012), p. 395–97.
- ^ Bradford Burns 1993, p. 457
- ^ Fausto (1999), Chapter 6 "The military government and the transition to democracy (1964–1984)".
- ^ Fausto (2005), pp. 464–65.
- ^ Fausto (2005), pp. 465, 475.
- ^ Skidmore, p. 311.
- ^ Fausto (1999), Epilogue.
- ^ Fausto (2005), p. 482.
- ^ Fausto (2005), p. 474.
- ^ Fausto (2005), p. 502.
- ^ Zirin, 2014. Chapter 3
- ^ "Global protest grows as citizens lose faith in politics and the State" Archived 8 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine article on "the Guardian"
- ^ Zirin, 2014. Chapter 7 & Conclusion.
- ^ Jonathan Watts & Donna Bowater. "Dilma Rousseff impeached by Brazilian senate". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 31 August 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
- ^ Article of Archived 14 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine New York Times about the denouement of Rousseff's impeachment process.
- ^ Article Archived 24 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine in Financial Times (18 April 2016) about the political ambiance in Brazil on the day vote for the Deputies chamber decision about open an impeachment procedure against President Dilma. 2nd to 4th paragraph.
- ^ "Brazil supreme court judge orders probe into nine ministers – paper" Archived 16 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Reuters. 11 April 2017.
- ^ "President Michel Temer of Brazil Is Charged With Corruption" Archived 14 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine. The New York Times. 26 June 2017.
- ^ "A scary election in Brazil". The Economist. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
- ^ "Jair Bolsonaro é eleito presidente do Brasil". veja.abril.com.br. Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ Guerin, Orla (9 July 2021). "Covid-19 pandemic: 'Everything you should not do, Brazil has done'". BBC News. Brasília: BBC. Archived from the original on 3 August 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
- ^ "Lula reitera candidatura presidencial contra Bolsonaro em 2022". Valor. 20 May 2021. Archived from the original on 5 August 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2021.
- ^ "Análise das Eleições 2022: Veja Detalhes dos Resultados da Votação". noticias.uol.com.br (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
- ^ "Resultados – TSE". resultados.tse.jus.br. Archived from the original on 2 November 2022. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
- ^ Phillips, Tom (8 January 2023). "Jair Bolsonaro supporters storm Brazil's presidential palace and supreme court". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 8 January 2023.
- ^ Rocha, Lucas. "Manifestantes furam bloqueio, entram na Esplanada e invadem o Congresso Nacional" [Protesters break through the blockade, enter the Esplanade and invade the National Congress]. CNN Brazil. Archived from the original on 8 January 2023. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
- ^ a b "Land and Resources". Encarta. MSN. Archived from the original on 28 October 2009. Retrieved 11 June 2008. [dubious – discuss]
- ^ Official Area (In Portuguese) Archived 6 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine IBGE: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Retrieved 8 January 2010.
- ^ "Hora Legal Brasileira". Observatório Nacional. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
- ^ a b c d e "Brazil". Country Guide. BBC Weather. Archived from the original on 8 February 2011. Retrieved 11 June 2008.
- ^ Terms and Definitions FRA 2025 Forest Resources Assessment, Working Paper 194. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2023.
- ^ "Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020, Brazil". Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
- ^ a b c d e "Natural Regions". Encarta. MSN. Archived from the original on 29 October 2009. Retrieved 11 June 2008. [dubious – discuss]
- ^ a b c "Temperature in Brazil". Brazil Travel. Archived from the original on 12 June 2008. Retrieved 11 June 2008.
- ^ a b Embrapa. "Annual averages of Mandacaru Agro-meteorological station" (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 20 August 2007. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
- ^ "CPD: South America, Site SA19, Caatinga of North-eastern Brazil, Brazil". Botany.si.edu. Archived from the original on 6 June 2009. Retrieved 29 October 2009.
- ^ "Drought, Smallpox, and Emergence of Leishmania braziliensis in Northeastern Brazil" Archived 29 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
- ^ "Ó Gráda, C.: Famine: A Short History" Archived 12 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Princeton University Press.
- ^ "Inland fishery enhancements" Archived 6 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine. FAO.
- ^ Maisonnave, Fabiano (10 September 2024). "Brazil faces its worst drought as wildfires rage and Amazon River falls to record low". Associated Press. PBS News. Retrieved 16 September 2024.
- ^ McCoy, Terrence (12 September 2024). "More than half of Brazil is racked by drought. Blame deforestation". Washington Post. Retrieved 16 September 2024.
- ^ "Brazil Endures Worst Drought on Record, Affecting 58% of the Country". Folha de S.Paulo. 5 September 2024. Retrieved 16 September 2024.
- ^ a b c d e "Natural Regions". Encarta. MSN. Archived from the original on 28 October 2009. Retrieved 11 June 2008. [dubious – discuss]
- ^ a b "Rivers and Lakes". Encarta. MSN. Archived from the original on 28 October 2009. Retrieved 11 June 2008. [dubious – discuss]
- ^ "Amazon – World's largest tropical rain forest and river basin". World Wide Fund for Nature. Archived from the original on 5 August 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
- ^ "Brazil". IUCN Green List. Archived from the original on 19 November 2022. Retrieved 19 November 2022.
- ^ a b c Palmerlee, Danny (2007). South America on a Shoestring. Lonely Planet Publications. p. 275. ISBN 978-1-74104-443-0. OCLC 76936293.
- ^ Da Silva, M. and D.W. Minter. 1995. Fungi from Brazil recorded by Batista and Co-workers. Mycological Papers 169. CABI, Wallingford, UK. 585 pp.
- ^ Chapman, A.D (September 2005). "Numbers of Living Species in Australia and the World: A Report for the Department of the Environment and Heritage". Australian Biological Resources Study. Australian Biodiversity Information Services. Archived from the original on 1 November 2007. Retrieved 26 November 2007.
- ^ "One fifth of the world's freshwater". Amazon. World Wide Fund for Nature. 6 August 2007. Archived from the original on 1 March 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2008.
- ^ a b c d "Plant and Animal Life". Encarta. MSN. Archived from the original on 29 October 2009. Retrieved 12 June 2008.
- ^ "Atlantic Forest, Brazil". Map: Biodiversity hotspots. BBC News. 1 October 2004. Archived from the original on 19 July 2008. Retrieved 12 June 2008.
- ^ "Amazon Against the Clock: A Regional Assessment on Where and How to Protect 80% by 2025" (PDF). Amazon Watch. September 2022. p. 8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 September 2022.
Graphic 2: Current State of the Amazon by country, by percentage / Source: RAISG (Red Amazónica de Información Socioambiental Georreferenciada) Elaborated by authors.
- ^ "Places We Work: The Atlantic Forest of Brazil". The Nature Conservancy. 2007. Archived from the original on 2 July 2010. Retrieved 5 December 2007.
- ^ Capobianco, João Paulo. "Biodiversity in the Atlantic Forest". Brazil on CD-ROM and Internet. Ministry of External Relations. Archived from the original on 15 December 2007. Retrieved 5 December 2007.
- ^ USDA Forest Service website, Forest Service International Programs: Brazil Archived 6 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved February 2007.
- ^ Butler, Rhett A. (28 March 2006). "Brazil to Protect Amazon Rainforest". MongaBay.com. Archived from the original on 5 April 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2007.
- ^ "Preserved native vegetation occupies 61% of Brazil's area, says Embrapa". 27 January 2017. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
- ^ "How Europe has multiplied its forests and why this can be a problem". BBC News Brasil. Archived from the original on 14 August 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
- ^ Ruiz, Sarah (12 November 2021). "Climate change is pushing Brazil's farmland out of agricultural suitability range". Woodwell climate research center. Nature Climate Change. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
- ^ Felin, Bruno (10 December 2020). "STATEMENT: Brazil Sets Weak 2030 Emission Reduction Target". World Resources Institute. Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
- ^ Pimentel, Mauro. "Lula returns for third term as Brazil president". CNN. Archived from the original on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
- ^ "Democracy Index 2021: the China challenge" (PDF). Economist Intelligence Unit. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 March 2022. Retrieved 18 December 2022.
- ^ "Freedom in the World 2021" (PDF). Freedom House. 3 March 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 December 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
- ^ a b "Embassy of Brazil – Ottawa". Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 19 July 2007.
Political Institutions – The Executive
- ^ "City Mayors". Archived from the original on 1 October 2018. Retrieved 19 July 2007.
Brazil federal, state and local government
- ^ Fontaine, Edward (1872). "Contributions to the Physical Geography of the Mississippi River, and Its Delta". Journal of the American Geographical Society of New York. 3: 343–78. doi:10.2307/196424. ISSN 1536-0407. JSTOR 196424.
- ^ "Government – Brazil". Southtravels.com. 5 October 1988. Archived from the original on 28 November 2011. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
- ^ "The Brazilian Legal System" Archived 8 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Organization of American States. Retrieved 17 May 2007.
- ^ José Afonso da Silva, Curso de Direito Constitucional Positivo (Malheiros, 2004; ISBN 85-7420-559-1), p. 46.
- ^ "Amendments to the Brazilian Constitution". Brazilian Law Compiled. Archived from the original on 22 July 2022. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
- ^ Silva, Curso de Direito Constitucional Positivo, p. 592.
- ^ Fabiano Deffenti; Welber Oliveira Barral (2011). Introduction to Brazilian Law. Kluwer Law International. pp. 20–. ISBN 978-90-411-2506-4. Retrieved 6 June 2013.
- ^ Uma Nova Agenda Militar Archived 25 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine Revista Época. Retrieved on 19 February 2009.
- ^ "2021 Military Strength Ranking". Global Firepower. Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
- ^ "Brazil is among the 10 largest military powers in the world". OCP News. Archived from the original on 21 July 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
- ^ The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, archived from the original on 12 August 2021, retrieved 26 March 2010
- ^ "Sala de imprensa – FAB em números" (in Portuguese). Força Aérea Brasileira. Archived from the original on 17 June 2008. Retrieved 12 December 2007.
- ^ "Decreto Nº 5.670 de 10 de Janeiro de 2006" (in Portuguese). Presidência da República. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
- ^ "Military Power". Brasil. Archived from the original on 11 February 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
- ^ Scheina (1987), p. 81.
- ^ "Grupamento de Mergulhadores de Combate – GruMeC". tropaselite.t35.com. Archived from the original on 27 March 2010. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
- ^ Article 4 of the Federal Constitution of Brazil Archived 28 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine V-Brazil. Retrieved on 20 September 2011.
- ^ Article 84 of the Federal Constitution of Brazil Archived 19 September 2019 at the Wayback Machine V-Brazil. Retrieved on 20 September 2011.
- ^ U.S. Congressional Report on Brazil United States Congress. Retrieved on 23 June 2009.
- ^ Georges D. Landau, "The Decision-making Process in Foreign Policy: The Case of Brazil", Center for Strategic and International Studies: Washington DC: March 2003
- ^ a b c d e Cabral and Weinstock 2010. Brazil: an emerging aid player (Archived 13 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine). London: Overseas Development Institute
- ^ Cabral, Lidia 2010. Brazil's development cooperation with the South: a global model in waiting (Archived 30 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine). London: Overseas Development Institute
- ^ "Ordem pública é prioridade da Força Nacional de Segurança". Portal Brasil. 29 April 2012. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
- ^ "Brasil tem maior número absoluto de homicídios do mundo". O Estado de S. Paulo. 10 December 2014. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
- ^ "Taxa de delito por 100 mil habitantes". Secretaria de Segurança Pública do Estado de São Paulo. 31 January 2011. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 14 February 2011.
- ^ "A Year of Violence Sees Brazil's Murder Rate Hit Record High". The New York Times. 10 August 2018. Archived from the original on 1 January 2022.
- ^ "Os estados com mais homicídios no Brasil". Exame. 11 November 2014. Archived from the original on 28 August 2016. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
- ^ "Brasil passa a Rússia e tem a terceira maior população carcerária do mundo". Folha de S.Paulo. 5 June 2014. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
- ^ "Brasil tem hoje deficit de 200 mil vagas no sistema prisional". G1. 15 January 2014. Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
- ^ "Multilateral Treaties - AMERICAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS "PACT OF SAN JOSE, COSTA RICA" (B-32)". Organization of American States. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
- ^ "Brazil - Freedom in the World 2017". Freedom House. Archived from the original on 8 July 2019. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
- ^ "Brazil - World - Americas". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
- ^ "Brazil 2016/2017". Amnesty International. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
- ^ "ENGLISH VERSION of Human Rights Complaint Document submitted to the United Nations OHCHR by the National Indigenous Peoples Organization from Brazil (APIB)". EARTH PEOPLES. 13 November 2012. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
- ^ "Human rights in Brazil". State.gov. 25 February 2009. Archived from the original on 26 February 2009. Retrieved 21 October 2010.
- ^ "Human Rights in Brazil". UNESCO. United Nations. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
- ^ Brocchetto, Marilia (15 May 2013). "Brazilian judicial council orders notaries to recognize same-sex marriage". CNN. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
- ^ da Cunha Melo, Leopoldo (January 1948). "Conceituação de "Território Federal" como unidade política" [Conceptualization of "Federal Territory" as a political unit] (PDF). Boletim Geográfico (in Brazilian Portuguese). 5 (58): 1128–1133. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 October 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
- ^ Porto, Jadson Luís Rebelo (March 1999). "Os territórios federais e a sua evolução no Brasil" [The federal territories and their evolution in Brazil] (PDF). Revista de Educação, Cultura e meio ambiente (in Brazilian Portuguese). III (15). Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 November 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
- ^ "21 Largest Stock Exchanges in the World". Yahoo Finance. 27 March 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
- ^ "Brasil será maior exportador agrícola mundial em 2024" (in Portuguese). EXAME. 1 July 2015. Archived from the original on 9 May 2018. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
- ^ "Embraer vê clientes mais dispostos à compra de aviões". Exame Magazine. 10 October 2010. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
- ^ "6. Brazil". Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Archived from the original on 3 October 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
Brazil is rich in a variety of natural resources and is the world's leading producer of tin, iron ore and phosphate. It has large deposits of diamonds, manganese, chromium, copper, bauxite and many other minerals.
- ^ "Labor force, total – Brazil". World Bank. Archived from the original on 3 October 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
- ^ "Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) (modeled ILO estimate) – Brazil". World Bank. Archived from the original on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
- ^ "Banco Central do Brasil – SDDS". www.bcb.gov.br. Central Bank of Brazil. Archived from the original on 21 July 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
- ^ "Poverty headcount ratio at $2.15 a day (2017 PPP) (% of population) – Brazil". World Bank. Archived from the original on 3 October 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
- ^ "Poverty headcount ratio at $6.85 a day (2017 PPP) (% of population) – Brazil". World Bank. Archived from the original on 3 October 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
- ^ France, Guilherme (29 January 2019). "Brazil: Overview of corruption and anti-corruption" (PDF). Transparency International. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
Corruption remains one of the biggest impediments to economic development in Brazil.
- ^ Alok Bansal; Yogeshwari Phatak; I C Gupta; Rajendra Jain (2009). Transcending Horizons Through Innovative Global Practices. Excel Books. p. 29. ISBN 978-81-7446-708-9. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
- ^ "GDP – composition, by sector of origin". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
- ^ "FAOSTAT". www.fao.org. Archived from the original on 12 November 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
- ^ "How are agricultural co-operatives making a difference in Brazil? | ICA". ica.coop. Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
- ^ "Production of Brazil, by FAO". Archived from the original on 12 November 2016. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
- ^ "Brasil extrai cerca de 2 gramas de ouro por habitante em 5 anos". R7.com. 29 June 2019. Archived from the original on 12 July 2020. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ^ "Nióbio: G1 visita em MG complexo industrial do maior produtor do mundo". G1. 12 December 2019. Archived from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ^ "Serviço Geológico do Brasil". cprm.gov.br. Archived from the original on 6 September 2019. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ^ "Rio Grande do Sul: o maior exportador de pedras preciosas do Brasil". Band.com.br. Archived from the original on 2 May 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ^ "Fazcomex Tecnologia para Comércio Exterior – Soluções para Comex". Fazcomex | Tecnologia para Comércio Exterior. Archived from the original on 29 June 2021. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ^ "Agronegócio tem oito entre os dez produtos líderes das exportações brasileiras em 2019". Avicultura Industrial. 2 January 2020. Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
- ^ "List of importing markets for the product exported by Brazil in 2021". International Trade Centre. Archived from the original on 12 April 2023. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
- ^ "List of supplying markets for the product imported by Brazil in 2021". International Trade Centre. Archived from the original on 3 October 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
- ^ "Brazil Trade". World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS). Archived from the original on 3 October 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
- ^ "Official History of Automobile Industry in Brazil". National Association of Vehicles Industries. 23 January 2022. Archived from the original on 3 October 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
- ^ "Alimentos Processados | A indústria de alimentos e bebidas na sociedade brasileira atual". alimentosprocessados.com.br. Archived from the original on 25 March 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ^ "Produção nacional de celulose cai 6,6% em 2019, aponta Ibá". Valor Econômico. 21 February 2020. Archived from the original on 21 February 2020. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ^ "Indústrias calçadistas em Franca, SP registram queda de 40% nas vagas de trabalho em 6 anos". G1. 14 July 2019. Archived from the original on 14 July 2019. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ^ Comércio, Diário do (24 January 2020). "Minas Gerais produz 32,3% do aço nacional em 2019". Archived from the original on 14 June 2020. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ^ "O novo mapa das montadoras, que agora rumam para o interior do País". 8 March 2019. Archived from the original on 8 March 2019. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ^ "Indústria automobilística do Sul do Rio impulsiona superavit na economia". G1. 12 July 2017. Archived from the original on 19 July 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ^ "Indústria Química no Brasil" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
- ^ "Estudo de 2018" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
- ^ "Produção nacional da indústria de químicos cai 5,7% em 2019, diz Abiquim". economia.uol.com.br. Archived from the original on 14 June 2020. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ^ "Industria Textil no Brasil". Archived from the original on 19 June 2020. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ^ "Setor de serviços sustenta o crescimento do PIB de 2018". VEJA. Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
- ^ "Produtividade e Comércio Exterior". SECINT e SEPEC. Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
- ^ "Pequenos negócios já representam 30% do Produto Interno Bruto do país". 7 November 2022. Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
- ^ UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2016 Edition. 2016. doi:10.18111/9789284418145. ISBN 978-92-844-1814-5.
- ^ "UNWTO Tourism Highlights – 2011 Edition" (PDF). World Tourism Organization. June 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 January 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2011.
- ^ "Estatisticas e Indicadores: Receita Cambial" (in Portuguese). Ministério do Turismo. 2012. Archived from the original on 24 September 2012. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
- ^ Ministério do Turismo (13 January 2012). "Turismo Brasileiro com novo recorde em 2011" (in Portuguese). No Pátio. Archived from the original on 22 August 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
- ^ International Tourism Highlights, 2019 Edition. World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). 2019. doi:10.18111/9789284421152. ISBN 978-92-844-2115-2. S2CID 240665765. Archived from the original on 30 August 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
- ^ Guilherme Lohmann Palhares (2012). Tourism in Brazil: Environment, Management and Segments. Routledge. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-415-67432-4. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
- ^ "The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2015" (PDF). World Economic Forum. May 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
- ^ Jennifer Blanke; Thea Chiesa, eds. (2013). "Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2013" (PDF). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 November 2019. Retrieved 14 April 2013. See Table 4, pp. 18–19 and Country/Economy Profile: Brazil, pp. 116–17.
- ^ Fundação Instituto de Pesquisas Econômicas (2007). "Caracterização e Dimensionamento do Turismo Domêstico no Brasil 2002 e 2006" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Ministério do Turismo. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2008. Retrieved 21 June 2008.
- ^ "Veja ranking dos Estados brasileiros que atraem mais turistas estrangeiros". Estadão (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 25 June 2024. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
- ^ Redação, Da (18 January 2024). "Brasil recebe 5,9 milhões de estrangeiros em 2023". Portal PANROTAS (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
- ^ Cedeño, Karina (12 June 2024). "Turismo é grande negócio e São Paulo seguirá investindo nele, diz Lucena". Portal PANROTAS (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
- ^ "Movimentação do turismo bate recorde em vários estados e aquece economia". Agência Gov (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 19 June 2024. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
- ^ Fundação Instituto de Pesquisas Econômicas e EMBRATUR (2006). "Caracterização e Dimensionamento do Turismo Domêstico no Brasil 2002 e 2006: Metodologia e Desenvolvimento" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Ministério do Turismo. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 November 2006. Retrieved 22 June 2008.
- ^ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development; Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development Staff (2006). OECD Economic Surveys: Brazil 2006. OECD Publishing. p. 94. ISBN 978-92-64-02999-6.
- ^ United Nations Educational, Scientific (2010). UNESCO Science Report 2010: The Current Status of Science Around the World. UNESCO. pp. 110–18. ISBN 978-92-3-104132-7. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
- ^ Brian Harvey; Henk H.F. Smid; Thâeo Pirard (2010). Emerging Space Powers: The New Space Programs of Asia, the Middle East and South-America. Springer. p. 324. ISBN 978-1-4419-0874-2. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
- ^ Crocitti & Vallance (2012), p. 628.
- ^ NASA Signs International Space Station Agreement With Brazil Archived 27 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine NASA.
- ^ O.C. Ferreira. "O Sistema Elétrico Brasileiro". Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
- ^ "Previsão de lançamento". Marinha do Brasil (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
- ^ "Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität". Elsa.physik.uni-bonn.de. 18 August 2008. Archived from the original on 4 August 2008. Retrieved 30 October 2010.
- ^ "CEITEC". Portal Brasil. Brasil.gov.br. Archived from the original on 17 November 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
- ^ "Brasil cai duas posições em ranking mundial", Folha de S.Paulo, 26 March 2010, archived from the original on 26 September 2013, retrieved 26 March 2010
- ^ World Intellectual Property Organization (2024). Global Innovation Index 2024: Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship. World Intellectual Property Organization. p. 18. doi:10.34667/tind.50062. ISBN 978-92-805-3681-2. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
{{cite book}}:|website=ignored (help) - ^ "Global Innovation Index 2019". www.wipo.int. Archived from the original on 2 September 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
- ^ "Global Innovation Index". INSEAD Knowledge. 28 October 2013. Archived from the original on 2 September 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
- ^ "M. Santos Dumont Rounds Eiffel Tower" (PDF). The New York Times. 20 October 1901. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 29 December 2010.
- ^ "Engelberg, Inc". Vintage Machinery. 2011. Archived from the original on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
- ^ Abreu, Manuel de, pag. 17 – Grande Enciclopédia Universal – edição de 1980 – Ed.Amazonas
- ^ "Portable stereo's creator got his due, eventually". Archived from the original on 9 March 2009. Retrieved 16 December 2015.
- ^ Exposição destaca centenário do CEFET-MG Sítio do Cefet-MG, acessado em 13 de novembro de 2010 Archived 13 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação. "50 anos do Méson-Pi". Archived from the original on 26 May 2011. Retrieved 29 December 2010.
- ^ "Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas – Coleção Galileo: Textos de Física" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 March 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ^ "Atta-Ur-Rahman, José Leite Lopes and Juan Martín Maldacena receive UNESCO science prizes". UNESCOPRESS. Archived from the original on 19 June 2002. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
- ^ Brasileiro ganha a Medalha Fields, considerada o "Nobel da Matemática" Archived 13 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ West, David A. 2003. Fritz Müller: a naturalist in Brazil. Blacksburg: Pocahontas Press
- ^ "International – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)". www.eia.gov. Archived from the original on 26 October 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
- ^ Michael Schmidt; Vincent Onyango; Dmytro Palekhov (2011). Implementing Environmental and Resource Management. Springer. p. 42. ISBN 978-3-540-77568-3. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
- ^ OECD; Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development; Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development Staff (2001). OECD Economic Surveys: Brazil 2001. OECD Publishing. p. 193. ISBN 978-92-64-19141-9. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
- ^ "Renewable Capacity Statistics 2022" (PDF). IRENA. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
- ^ Hannah Ritchie and Max Roser, Solar Power Generation
- ^ a b "Matriz Energética e Elétrica". Empresa de Pesquisa Energética (in Portuguese).
- ^ [1] National Agency of Energy
- ^ Nakagawa, Fernando (23 March 2022). "Brasil anuncia aumento da produção de petróleo em 10% para ajudar a estabilizar preços". CNN Brasil.
- ^ "Produção de petróleo e gás no Brasil ultrapassa 4 milhões de boe/d pela primeira vez". Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis. 19 February 2020. Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
- ^ "Qual é a maior rodovia do Brasil?" (in Brazilian Portuguese). O Estado de S.Paulo. 9 March 2022. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
- ^ "BR-116" (in Brazilian Portuguese). Banco de Informações e Mapas de Transportes/Ministry of Transport (Brazil). 2018. Archived from the original on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
- ^ "Brazilian road network in 2019". anuariodotransporte.cnt.org.br.
- ^ "Road system in Brazil". Nationsencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 30 October 2010.
- ^ "Anuário CNT do Transporte". anuariodotransporte.cnt.org.br.
- ^ "Extensão da Malha Ferroviária – 2015". ANTT. Archived from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
- ^ "OPrincipais ferrovias". Ministerio dos Transportes (in Portuguese) Archived 29 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Arquitetura, INBEC Pós-Graduação- Engenharia (4 February 2020). "Conheça a história da construção do Metrô de São Paulo". INBEC Pós-Graduação (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 23 October 2023.
- ^ "Ociosidade atinge 70% dos principais aeroportos". O Globo, 12 August 2007. (in Portuguese)
- ^ Guilherme Lohmann Palhares (2012). Tourism in Brazil: Environment, Management and Segments. Routledge. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-415-67432-4.
- ^ "Relatorio Operacional 2018" (PDF). Aeroporto Internacional de São Paulo. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
- ^ Country Comparison to the World: Gini Index – Brazil Archived 13 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine The World Factbook. Retrieved on 3 April 2012.
- ^ "Mercado Brasileiro Terminais de Contêineres", Santos Brasil. (in Portuguese)
- ^ G1, Fábio AmatoDo; Brasília, em (24 March 2013). "Navios esperam até 16 dias para atracar em porto do país, diz MDIC". Economia.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Brazilian population likely to start shrinking in 2042". Agência Brasil. 23 August 2024. Retrieved 24 August 2024.
- ^ 2008 PNAD, IBGE. "População residente por situação, sexo e grupos de idade"
- ^ 2008 PNAD, IBGE. "População residente por situação, sexo e grupos de idade"
- ^ 2008 PNAD, IBGE. "População residente por situação, sexo e grupos de idade".
- ^ "Brazil population reaches 190.8 million" Archived 9 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Brasil.gov.br.
- ^ "Shaping Brazil: The Role of International Migration". Migration Policy Institute.
- ^ José Alberto Magno de Carvalho, "Crescimento populacional e estrutura demográfica no Brasil" Archived 19 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine Belo Horizonte: UFMG/Cedeplar, 2004 (PDF file), p. 5.
- ^ "Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística". IBGE. 29 November 1999. Retrieved 25 January 2010.
- ^ "Projeção da População do Brasil – Brazil's populational projection". IBGE. Retrieved 25 January 2010.
- ^ Magno de Carvalho, "Crescimento populacional e estrutura demográfica no Brasil"[dead link], pp. 7–8.
- ^ PNAD 2008, IBGE. "Pessoas de 5 anos ou mais de idade por situação, sexo, alfabetização e grupos de idade e grupos de idade".
- ^ 2008 PNAD, IBGE. [2].
- ^ De Assis Poiares, Lilian; De Sá Osorio, Paulo; Spanhol, Fábio Alexandre; Coltre, Sidnei César; Rodenbusch, Rodrigo; Gusmão, Leonor; Largura, Alvaro; Sandrini, Fabiano; Da Silva, Cláudia Maria Dornelles (2010). "Allele frequencies of 15 STRs in a representative sample of the Brazilian population" (PDF). Forensic Science International: Genetics. 4 (2): e61–63. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2009.05.006. PMID 20129458. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 April 2011.
- ^ Brazilian DNA is nearly 80% European, indicates study.
- ^ a b NMO Godinho O impacto das migrações na constituição genética de populações latino-americanas Archived 6 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. PhD Thesis, Universidade de Brasília (2008).
- ^ Pena, Sérgio D. J.; Di Pietro, Giuliano; Fuchshuber-Moraes, Mateus; Genro, Julia Pasqualini; Hutz, Mara H.; Kehdy Fde, Fernanda de Souza Gomes; Kohlrausch, Fabiana; Magno, Luiz Alexandre Viana; Montenegro, Raquel Carvalho; et al. (2011). Harpending, Henry (ed.). "The Genomic Ancestry of Individuals from Different Geographical Regions of Brazil Is More Uniform Than Expected". PLOS ONE. 6 (2): e17063. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...617063P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017063. PMC 3040205. PMID 21359226.
- ^ Lins, T. C.; Vieira, R. G.; Abreu, B. S.; Grattapaglia, D.; Pereira, R. W. (March–April 2009). "Genetic composition of Brazilian population samples based on a set of twenty-eight ancestry informative SNPs". American Journal of Human Biology. 22 (2): 187–192. doi:10.1002/ajhb.20976. PMID 19639555. S2CID 205301927.
- ^ Pena, Sérgio D. J.; Bortolini, Maria Cátira (1 April 2004). "Pode a genética definir quem deve se beneficiar das cotas universitárias e demais ações afirmativas?". Estudos Avançados. 18 (50): 31–50. doi:10.1590/S0103-40142004000100004. hdl:10183/19857.
- ^ Lins, T. C.; Vieira, R. G.; Abreu, B. S.; Grattapaglia, D.; Pereira, R. W. (March–April 2009). "Genetic composition of Brazilian population samples based on a set of twenty-eight ancestry informative SNPs". American Journal of Human Biology. 22 (2): 187–192. doi:10.1002/ajhb.20976. PMID 19639555. S2CID 205301927.
- ^ "Allele frequencies of 15 STRs in a representative sample of the Brazilian population" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 8, 2011. Retrieved April 8, 2011.
- ^ Godinho, Neide Maria de Oliveira (2008). "O impacto das migrações na constituição genética de populações latino-americanas". Universidade de Brasília. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 July 2011.
- ^ Pena, Sérgio D. J.; Pietro, Giuliano Di; Fuchshuber-Moraes, Mateus; Genro, Julia Pasqualini; Hutz, Mara H.; Kehdy, Fernanda de Souza Gomes; Kohlrausch, Fabiana; Magno, Luiz Alexandre Viana; Montenegro, Raquel Carvalho; Moraes, Manoel Odorico; Moraes, Maria Elisabete Amaral de; Moraes, Milene Raiol de; Ojopi, Élida B.; Perini, Jamila A.; Racciopi, Clarice; Ribeiro-dos-Santos, Ândrea Kely Campos; Rios-Santos, Fabrício; Romano-Silva, Marco A.; Sortica, Vinicius A.; Suarez-Kurtz, Guilherme (16 February 2011). "The Genomic Ancestry of Individuals from Different Geographical Regions of Brazil Is More Uniform Than Expected". PLOS ONE. 6 (2): e17063. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...617063P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017063. PMC 3040205. PMID 21359226.
- ^ "SIDIA M. CALLEGARI-JACQUES et al., Historical Genetics: Spatiotemporal Analysis of the Formation" (PDF). Hereditas.com.br. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 6, 2011. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
- ^ Callegari-Jacques, S. M.; Grattapaglia, D.; Salzano, F. M.; Salamoni, S. P.; Crossetti, S. G.; Ferreira, M. R. E.; Hutz, M. H. (November–December 2003). "Historical genetics: Spatiotemporal analysis of the formation of the Brazilian population" (PDF). American Journal of Human Biology. 15 (6): 824–834. doi:10.1002/ajhb.10217. PMID 14595874. S2CID 34610130. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 6, 2011.
- ^ "Retrato molecular do Brasil". Publicacoes.gene.com.br. Archived from the original on March 6, 2008. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
- ^ Maria Stella Ferreira-Levy (1974). "O papel da migração internacional na evolução da população brasileira (1872 a 1972)". Revista de Saúde Pública. 8 (supl): 49–90. doi:10.1590/S0034-89101974000500003., Table 2, p. 74. (in Portuguese)
- ^ Zirin, 2014. Chapter 2, Section "The Beginning of the 'Mosaic' ".
- ^ Grün, Roberto (July 1996). "The Armenian Renaissance in Brazil". The Americas. 53 (1): 113–151. doi:10.2307/1007476. ISSN 0003-1615. JSTOR 1007476. S2CID 143656550.
- ^ "The Jewish Community in Brazil". Beit Hatfutsot.
- ^ Silvia Ferabolli (25 September 2014). Arab Regionalism: A Post-Structural Perspective. Routledge. p. 151. ISBN 978-1-317-65803-0.
According to estimates by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), countersigned by the League of Arab States, Brazil has the largest Arab colony outside their countries of origin. There are estimated 15 million Arabs living in Brazil today, with some researchers suggesting numbers around 20 million.
- ^ Paul Amar (15 July 2014). The Middle East and Brazil: Perspectives on the New Global South. Indiana University Press. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-253-01496-2.
there are, according to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, more than sixteen million Arabs and descendants of Arabs in Brazil, constituting the largest community of Arabs descent outside the Middle East.
- ^ cl1289 (8 June 2021). "From Beirut to Brazil". CCAS. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Coelho (1996), p. 268.
- ^ a b Vesentini (1988), p. 117.
- ^ Adas, Melhem Panorama geográfico do Brasil, 4th ed (São Paulo: Moderna, 2004), p. 268 ISBN 85-16-04336-3
- ^ Azevedo (1971), pp. 2–3.
- ^ a b c Moreira (1981), p. 108.
- ^ Azevedo (1971), pp. 74–75.
- ^ Enciclopédia Barsa, vol. 10 (Rio de Janeiro: Encyclopædia Britannica do Brasil, 1987), p. 355.
- ^ Azevedo (1971), p. 74.
- ^ a b Azevedo (1971), p. 161.
- ^ Enciclopédia Barsa, vol. 4, pp. 254–55, 258, 265.
- ^ "In Amazonia, Defending the Hidden Tribes", The Washington Post (8 July 2007).
- ^ "The Global Catholic Population". Pew Research Center. 13 February 2013. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
- ^ "Brazil". International Religious Freedom Report. U.S. Department of State. 8 November 2005. Retrieved 8 June 2008.
- ^ IBGE – Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics). 2010 Census. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
- ^ "50% dos brasileiros são católicos, 31%, evangélicos e 10% não têm religião, diz Datafolha | Política". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). 13 January 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2024.
- ^ a b "Brazil | World Religion". www.thearda.com. Retrieved 4 December 2024.
- ^ Kevin Boyle; Juliet Sheen (2013). Freedom of Religion and Belief: A World Report. Routledge. p. 211. ISBN 978-1-134-72229-7.
- ^ "Brazil". Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Archived from the original on 25 August 2011. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
- ^ Brian Morris (2006). Religion and Anthropology: A Critical Introduction. Cambridge University Press. p. 223. ISBN 978-0-521-85241-8.
- ^ William Jeynes; David W. Robinson (2012). International Handbook of Protestant Education. Springer. p. 405. ISBN 978-94-007-2386-3.
- ^ "2010 census results" (PDF).
- ^ "Brazil". Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Archived from the original on 25 August 2011. Retrieved 7 December 2011. See drop-down essay on "The Growth of Religious Pluralism"
- ^ "Conservative evangelicals use social media to sway Brazil election". Rest of World. 8 July 2024. Retrieved 4 December 2024.
- ^ Iacomini, Franco (5 March 2024). "Brazilian Evangelicals Bring Their Political Playbook to Portugal". Christianity Today. Retrieved 4 December 2024.
- ^ "The shared religious roots of twin insurrections in the US and Brazil". The Washington Post. 18 January 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2024.
- ^ a b Do G1, em São Paulo (23 August 2011). "G1 – País tem menor nível de adeptos do catolicismo desde 1872, diz estudo". G1.globo.com. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Senado aprova acordo com o Vaticano". O Globo. 2009. Retrieved 28 June 2020.
- ^ "Decreto nº 7.107, de 11 de fevereiro de 2010". Casa Civil da Presidência da República. Retrieved 28 June 2020.
- ^ Gerard Martin La Forgia; Bernard F. Couttolenc (2008). Hospital Performance in Brazil: The Search for Excellence. World Bank Publications. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-8213-7359-0.
- ^ "20 Anos do SUS". Conselho Nacional de Saúde. Retrieved 13 April 2012.
- ^ Lawrence F. Wolper (2004). Health Care Administration: Planning, Implementing, and Managing Organized Delivery Systems. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-7637-3144-1.
- ^ "Physicians (per 1,000 people)". World Health Organization's Global Health Workforce Statistics.
- ^ "Hospital beds (per 1,000 people)". World Health Organization The World Bank.
- ^ "Measuring overall health system performance for 191 countries" (PDF). World Health Organization. 2000. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 November 2006. Retrieved 30 April 2014.
- ^ Usa Ibp Usa (2005). Brazil: Tax Guide. Int'l Business Publications. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-7397-3279-3.
- ^ a b "IBGE: Analfabetismo cai no país, mas fica estagnado no Nordeste". Globo.com (in Portuguese). 15 July 2020.
- ^ The Central Intelligence Agency (2010). The World Factbook 2010 (CIA 2009 ed.). Potomac Books, Inc. p. 143. ISBN 978-1-59797-541-4.
- ^ World Bank (2001). Rural Poverty Alleviation in Brazil: Towards an Integrated Strategy. World Bank Publications. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-8213-5206-9.
- ^ Laplane, Mario (14 May 2019). "Efforts towards inclusion". D + C, Development and cooperation.
- ^ "QS World University Rankings 2024". Top Universities. Archived from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
- ^ "ShanghaiRanking's Academic Ranking of World Universities". www.shanghairanking.com. Archived from the original on 29 September 2023. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
- ^ "QS University Rankings Latin America". QS World University Rankings. Retrieved 11 November 2018.
- ^ "Brazil – Language". countrystudies.us.
- ^ "Learn About Portuguese Language". Sibila.com.br. 25 April 2009. Archived from the original on 20 April 2012. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
- ^ a b c "Languages of Brazil". Ethnologue. Retrieved 9 June 2008.
- ^ LEI Nº 10.436, DE 24 DE ABRIL DE 2002. Presidência da República, Casa Civil, Subchefia para Assuntos Jurídicos. Retrieved on 19 May 2012.
- ^ Brazilian decree nº 5626, 22 December 2005. Planalto.gov.br (23 December 2005). Retrieved on 19 May 2012.
- ^ Charles J. Russo (2011). The Legal Rights of Students with Disabilities: International Perspectives. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-4422-1085-1.
- ^ Campbell, Lyle; Grondona, Verónica; Muysken, Peter (2012). "Contacts between indigenous languages in South America". The Indigenous Languages of South America: A Comprehensive Guide. Walter de Gruyter. p. 247. ISBN 978-3-11-025803-5.
Nheengatú (also called língua geral of Amazonia, or lingua Brasilica) originated in the 17th century in what are now the states of Pará Maranhão, as lingua franca on the basis of Tupinambá lexicon but with strong grammatical influence from Portuguese, also due to intervention by Jesuit missionaries [...] Around 1700 it was spoken in a large area in Brazil, as a contact language between whites and indians, but it lost some support with the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1758 [...] Its sister language in the colonial period was Língua Geral Paulista (in the state of São Paolo) a lingua franca which is now extinct.
- ^ Rohter, Larry (28 August 2005). "Language Born of Colonialism Thrives Again in Amazon". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 July 2008.
- ^ "O alemão lusitano do Sul do Brasil". DW-World.de.
- ^ "ELB". labeurb.unicamp.br.
- ^ "Approvato il progetto che dichiara il 'Talian' come patrimonio del Rio Grande del Sud – Brasile". Sitoveneto. Archived from the original on 4 March 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2012.
- ^ Patrick Stevenson (1997). The German Language and the Real World: Sociolinguistic, Cultural, and Pragmatic Perspectives on Contemporary German. Oxford University Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-19-823738-9.
- ^ "IDBGE" (in Portuguese). IBGE. 2011. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
- ^ a b "Mais da metade da população vive em 294 arranjos formados por contiguidade urbana e por deslocamentos para trabalho e estudo" (in Portuguese). Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
- ^ "Arranjos Populacionais e Concentrações Urbanas do Brasil" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. p. 148. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
- ^ "Estimativas da população residente no Brasil e Unidades da Federação com data de referência em 1º de julho de 2016" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
- ^ "Principal Cities". Encarta. MSN. Archived from the original on 29 October 2009. Retrieved 10 June 2008. [dubious – discuss]
- ^ "Arranjos Populacionais e Concentrações Urbanas do Brasil" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. p. 148. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
- ^ "Estimativas da população residente no Brasil e Unidades da Federação com data de referência em 1º de julho de 2017" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
- ^ Largest Carnival Guinness World Records.
- ^ Teresa A. Meade (2009). A Brief History of Brazil. Infobase Publishing. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-8160-7788-5.
- ^ David Levinson (1998). Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 325. ISBN 978-1-57356-019-1.
- ^ Jeffrey Lesser (2013). Immigration, Ethnicity, and National Identity in Brazil, 1808 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. pp. 150–55. ISBN 978-0-521-19362-7.
- ^ Freyre, Gilberto (1986). "The Afro-Brazilian experiment: African influence on Brazilian culture". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 30 May 2012. Retrieved 8 June 2008.
- ^ Leandro Karnal, Teatro da fé: Formas de representação religiosa no Brasil e no México do século XVI, São Paulo, Editora Hucitec, 1998; available on fflch.usp.br Archived 24 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "The Brazilian Baroque", Encyclopaedia Itaú Cultural Archived 30 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Leslie Marsh (2012). Brazilian Women's Filmmaking: From Dictatorship to Democracy. University of Illinois Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-252-09437-8.
- ^ Hue, Jorge de Souza (1999). Uma visão da arquitectura colonial no Brasil [A vision of Colonial Architecture in Brazil] (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro.
- ^ Boxer, Charles Ralph (1962). The Golden Age of Brazil, 1695–1750: Growing Pains of a Colonial Society. University of California Press.
- ^ a b Guimaraens, Cêça de. Arquitetura Archived 8 September 2003 at the Wayback Machine. Portal do Ministério das Relações Exteriores.
- ^ Claro, Mauro. "Ambientes modernos. A casa modernista da Rua Santa Cruz, de Gregori Warchavchik, e outras casas da modernidade". In: Drops, 2008; 09 (025.03)
- ^ a b Duduka Da Fonseca; Bob Weiner (1991). Brazilian Rhythms for Drumset. Alfred Music Publishing. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-7692-0987-6.
- ^ Donna M. Di Grazia (2013). Nineteenth-Century Choral Music. Routledge. p. 457. ISBN 978-1-136-29409-9.
- ^ "UNESCO Culture Sector – Intangible Heritage – 2003 Convention". Unesco.org. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
- ^ Larry Crook (2009). Focus: Music of Northeast Brazil. Taylor & Francis. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-415-96066-3.
- ^ Peter Fryer (2000). Rhythms of Resistance: African Musical Heritage in Brazil. Pluto Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-7453-0731-2.
- ^ "Brazil From A TO Z: FORRÓ". Brazilian Experience. 25 December 2015.
- ^ "Jack A. Draper III". Romance Languages and Literatures: University of Missouri.
- ^ Draper, Jack A. III (2010). Forró and redemptive regionalism from the Brazilian northeast: popular music in a culture of migration. New York: Lang. ISBN 978-1-4331-1076-4. OCLC 643568832.
- ^ MacGowan, Chris; Pessanha, Ricardo (1998). The Brazilian Sound: Samba, Bossa Nova, and the Popular Music of Brazil. Temple University Press. pp. 159–61. ISBN 978-1-56639-545-8.
- ^ MacGowan & Pessanha (1998), p. 6.
- ^ Gayle Kassing (2007). History of Dance: An Interactive Arts Approach. Human Kinetics 10%. p. 236. ISBN 978-0-7360-6035-6.
- ^ Michael Campbell (2011). Popular Music in America: The Beat Goes on. Cengage Learning. p. 299. ISBN 978-0-8400-2976-8.
- ^ Crocitti & Vallance (2012), p. 360.
- ^ "Brazilian Literature: An Introduction". Embassy of Brasil – Ottawa. Visited on 2 November 2009.
- ^ Candido; Antonio. (1970) Vários escritos. São Paulo: Duas Cidades. p. 18
- ^ Caldwell, Helen (1970) Machado de Assis: The Brazilian Master and his Novels. Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, University of California Press.
- ^ Fernandez, Oscar Machado de Assis: The Brazilian Master and His Novels The Modern Language Journal, Vol. 55, No. 4 (Apr. 1971), pp. 255–56
- ^ Beatriz Mugayar Kühl, Arquitetura do ferro e arquitetura ferroviária em São Paulo: reflexões sobre a sua preservação, p. 202. Atelie Editorial, 1998.
- ^ Daniel Balderston and Mike Gonzalez, Encyclopedia of Latin American and Caribbean Literature, 1900–2003, p. 288. Routledge, 2004.
- ^ Sayers, Portugal and Brazil in Transitn, "Literature". U of Minnesota Press, 1 January 1999.
- ^ Marshall C. Eakin and Paulo Roberto de Almeida, Envisioning Brazil: A Guide to Brazilian Studies in the United States: "Literature, Culture and Civilization". University of Wisconsin Press, 31 October 2005.
- ^ "Prêmio Camões de Literatura | Biblioteca Nacional". Bn.br (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 26 January 2017.
- ^ "Quem somos | Academia Brasileira de Letras". Academia.org.br (in Portuguese). 3 August 2014. Retrieved 26 January 2017.
- ^ "Rio the Magnificent (1932)". YouTube. 18 April 2008. Archived from the original on 7 November 2015. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ Larry, Rohter (9 November 2010). "Brazil's Best, Restored and Ready for a 21st-Century Audience". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 3 November 2010.
- ^ Tose, Juliano. "Editorial". Contracampo – revista de cinema. Revista Contracampo. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
- ^ "Cidade de Deus (City of God) (2003) – Rotten Tomatoes". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. 17 January 2003. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
- ^ Ebert, Roger (14 December 2012). "The best films of the decade". RogerEbert.com. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
- ^ Louzada, Maria Alice & Louzada, Julio. Os Primeiros Momentos da Arte Brasileira Archived 6 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Júlio Louzada Artes Plásticas Brasil. Acesso 5 out 2010
- ^ Leite, José Roberto Teixeira & Lemos, Carlos A.C. Os Primeiros Cem Anos, in Civita, Victor. Arte no Brasil. São Paulo: Abril Cultural, 1979
- ^ a b Biscardi & Rocha 2006
- ^ Amaral, Aracy; Kim Mrazek Hastings (1995). "Stages in the Formation of Brazil's Cultural Profile". Journal of Decorative and Propaganda Arts. 21: 9–25. doi:10.2307/1504129. JSTOR 1504129.
- ^ Sevcenko, Nicolau. Pindorama revisitada: cultura e sociedade em tempos de virada. Série Brasil cidadão. Editora Peirópolis, 2000. pp. 39–47
- ^ Padre Anchieta Brasil Escola.
- ^ a b "Brazilian Theatre: An Introduction". Ambasciata brasiliana a Ottawa. Archived from the original on 5 February 2012.
- ^ O Teatro no Brasil Secretaria da Educação do Paraná.
- ^ "Way of Life". Encarta. MSN. Archived from the original on 29 October 2009. Retrieved 8 June 2008.
- ^ Roger, "Feijoada: The Brazilian national dish" Archived 29 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine braziltravelguide.com.
- ^ Cascudo, Luis da Câmara. História da Alimentação no Brasil. São Paulo/Belo Horizonte: Editora USP/Itatiaia, 1983.
- ^ Bayor, Ronald H. (2011). Multicultural America: An Encyclopedia of the Newest Americans. Georgia Institute of Technology. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-313-35786-2.
- ^ Barbosa, Lívia (2007). "Feijão com arroz e arroz com feijão: o Brasil no prato dos brasileiros". Horizontes Antropológicos. 13 (28): 87–116. doi:10.1590/S0104-71832007000200005.
- ^ Ferraccioli, Patrícia; Silveira, Eliane Augusta da (2010). "Cultural feeding influence on palative memories in the usual brazilian cuisine". Rev. Enferm. UERJ. 18 (2): 198–203.
- ^ Freyre, Gilberto. Açúcar. Uma Sociologia do Doce, com Receitas de Bolos e Doces do Nordeste do Brasil. São Paulo, Companhia das Letras, 1997.
- ^ "Rede Globo se torna a 2ª maior emissora do mundo" (in Portuguese). O Fuxico. Archived from the original on 14 May 2012. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
- ^ Roberto Gonzalez Echevarría; Enrique Pupo-Walker (1996). The Cambridge History of Latin American Literature. Cambridge University Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-521-41035-9.
- ^ Donald H. Johnston (2003). Encyclopedia of international media and communications. Vol. 3. Academic Press. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-12-387671-3.
- ^ Jon S. Vincent (2003). Culture and Customs of Brazil. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 97–100. ISBN 978-0-313-30495-8.
- ^ Bryan McCann (2004). Hello, Hello Brazil: Popular Music in the Making of Modern Brazil. Duke University Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-8223-3273-2.
- ^ David Ward (2007). Television and Public Policy: Change and Continuity in an Era of Global Liberalization. Routledge. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-203-87728-9.
- ^ "Um ponto de IBOPE equivale a quantas pessoas? E domicílios?". IBOPE. Archived from the original on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
- ^ "Top 10 das novelas". MSN Brasil. Archived from the original on 7 May 2013. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
- ^ Martin Campbell-Kelly; William F. Aspray; Jeffrey R. Yost; Honghong Tinn; Gerardo Con Díaz (2023). Computer: A History of the Information Machine. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-00-087875-2.
- ^ "Brazil launches international TV station for Africa". BBC News. 25 May 2010. Retrieved 30 October 2010.
- ^ "FIFA: Pele, the greatest of them all". FIFA. 28 June 2012. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
- ^ "Pele tops World Cup legends poll". BBC News. 12 June 2006. Archived from the original on 26 March 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
- ^ "Futebol, o esporte mais popular do Brasil, é destaque no Via Legal". Jusbrasil.com.br. Archived from the original on 30 March 2012. Retrieved 16 April 2011.
- ^ "Football in Brazil". Goal Programme. International Federation of Association Football. 15 April 2008. Archived from the original on 4 June 2007. Retrieved 6 June 2008.
- ^ Zirin, 2014. Chapter 4 "Futebol: The Journey from Daring to Fear"
- ^ Donaldson, Gerald. "Emerson Fittipaldi". Hall of Fame. The Official Formula 1 Website. Retrieved 6 June 2008.
- ^ Donaldson, Gerald. "Nelson Piquet". Hall of Fame. The Official Formula 1 Website. Retrieved 6 June 2008.
- ^ Donaldson, Gerald. "Ayrton Senna". Hall of Fame. The Official Formula 1 Website. Retrieved 6 June 2008.
- ^ "Beach Soccer". International Federation of Association Football. Archived from the original on 23 June 2007. Retrieved 6 June 2008.
- ^ "Futsal". International Federation of Association Football. Archived from the original on 3 June 2007. Retrieved 6 June 2008.
- ^ "The art of capoeira". BBC. 20 September 2006. Retrieved 6 June 2008.
- ^ "Brazilian Vale Tudo". I.V.C. Archived from the original on 30 May 1998. Retrieved 6 June 2008.
- ^ "International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation". International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation. Archived from the original on 20 April 2008. Retrieved 6 June 2008.
- ^ "1950 FIFA World Cup Brazil". Previous FIFA World Cups. International Federation of Association Football. Archived from the original on 3 June 2007. Retrieved 6 June 2008.
- ^ "2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil". International Federation of Association Football. Archived from the original on 9 June 2008. Retrieved 6 June 2008.
- ^ "The Official Formula 1 Website". Formula One Administration. Archived from the original on 4 June 2008. Retrieved 6 June 2008.
- ^ Ming Li; Eric W. MacIntosh; Gonzalo A. Bravo (2011). International Sport Management. Human Kinetics – College of Business at Ohio University. p. 129. ISBN 978-1-4504-2241-3.
- ^ "Olympics 2016: Tearful Pele and weeping Lula greet historic win for Rio", The Guardian, 2 October 2009.
- ^ "FIBA World Championship History (pdf)" (PDF). FIBA. 1 January 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2012.
Bibliography
- Azevedo, Aroldo. O Brasil e suas regiões. São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional, 1971
- Barman, Roderick J. Citizen Emperor: Pedro II and the Making of Brazil, 1825–1891. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-8047-3510-7
- Biscardi, Afrânio; Rocha, Frederico Almeida (May 2006), "O Mecenato Artístico de D. Pedro II e o Projeto Imperial", 19&20 – A revista eletrônica de DezenoveVinte, vol. I, no. 1
- Boxer, Charles R. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire (1969)
- O império marítimo português 1415–1825. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2002. ISBN 85-359-0292-9
- Bueno, Eduardo. Brasil: uma História. São Paulo: Ática, 2003. ISBN 85-08-08213-4
- Calmon, Pedro. História da Civilização Brasileira. Brasília: Senado Federal, 2002
- Carvalho, José Murilo de. D. Pedro II. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2007
- Coelho, Marcos Amorim. Geografia do Brasil. 4th ed. São Paulo: Moderna, 1996
- Diégues, Fernando. A revolução brasílica. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, 2004
- Enciclopédia Barsa. Volume 4: Batráquio – Camarão, Filipe. Rio de Janeiro: Encyclopædia Britannica do Brasil, 1987
- Ermakoff, George (2006). Rio de Janeiro – 1840–1900 – Uma crônica fotográfica (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: G. Ermakoff Casa Editorial. ISBN 978-85-98815-05-3.
- Fausto, Boris and Devoto, Fernando J. Brasil e Argentina: Um ensaio de história comparada (1850–2002), 2nd ed. São Paulo: Editoria 34, 2005. ISBN 85-7326-308-3
- Gaspari, Elio. A ditadura envergonhada. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2002. ISBN 85-359-0277-5
- Janotti, Aldo. O Marquês de Paraná: inícios de uma carreira política num momento crítico da história da nacionalidade. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1990
- Lyra, Heitor. História de Dom Pedro II (1825–1891): Ascenção (1825–1870). v. 1. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1977
- Lyra, Heitor. História de Dom Pedro II (1825–1891): Declínio (1880–1891). v. 3. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1977
- Lustosa, Isabel. D. Pedro I: um herói sem nenhum caráter. São Paulo: Companhia das letras, 2006. ISBN 85-359-0807-2
- Moreira, Igor A. G. O Espaço Geográfico, geografia geral e do Brasil. 18. Ed. São Paulo: Ática, 1981
- Munro, Dana Gardner. The Latin American Republics; A History. New York: D. Appleton, 1942.
- Peres, Damião (1949) O Descobrimento do Brasil por Pedro Álvares Cabral: antecedentes e intencionalidade Porto: Portucalense.
- Scheina, Robert L. Latin America: A Naval History, 1810–1987. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1987. ISBN 0-87021-295-8
- Lilia Schwarcz (30 November 1998). As barbas do imperador: D. Pedro II, um monarca nos trópicos (in Portuguese). São Paulo: Companhia das Letras. ISBN 978-85-7164-837-1. OL 142027M. Wikidata Q18238040.
- Stuart B. Schwartz Sovereignty and Society in Colonial Brazil (1973)
- Early Latin America (1983)
- Sugar Plantations in the Formation of Brazilian Society (1985)
- Skidmore, Thomas E. Brazil: Five Centuries of Change (Oxford University Press, 1999)
- Uma História do Brasil. 4th ed. São Paulo: Paz e Terra, 2003. ISBN 85-219-0313-8
- Souza, Adriana Barreto de. Duque de Caxias: o homem por trás do monumento. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 2008. ISBN 978-85-200-0864-5.
- Wright, Simon. 1992. Villa-Lobos. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-315475-7
- Vainfas, Ronaldo. Dicionário do Brasil Imperial. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, 2002. ISBN 85-7302-441-0
- Vesentini, José William. Brasil, sociedade e espaço – Geografia do Brasil. 7th Ed. São Paulo: Ática, 1988
- Vianna, Hélio. História do Brasil: período colonial, monarquia e república, 15th ed. São Paulo: Melhoramentos, 1994
- Zirin, Dave. Brazil's Dance with the Devil: The World Cup, The Olympics, and the Fight for Democracy Haymarket Books 2014. ISBN 978-1-60846-360-2
Further reading
- Alencastro Felipe, Luiz Felipe de. The Trade in the Living: The Formation of Brazil in the South Atlantic, Sixteenth to Seventeenth Centuries (SUNY Press, 2019)
- Alves, Maria Helena Moreira (1985). State and Opposition in Military Brazil. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
- Amann, Edmund (1990). The Illusion of Stability: The Brazilian Economy under Cardoso. World Development (pp. 1805–19).
- "Background Note: Brazil". US Department of State. Retrieved 16 June 2011.
- Bellos, Alex (2003). Futebol: The Brazilian Way of Life. London: Bloomsbury Publishing plc.
- Bethell, Leslie (1991). Colonial Brazil. Cambridge: CUP.
- Costa, João Cruz (1964). A History of Ideas in Brazil. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.
- Fausto, Boris (1999). A Concise History of Brazil. Cambridge: CUP.
- Furtado, Celso (1963). The Economic Growth of Brazil: A Survey from Colonial to Modern Times. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
- Lamoureux, Andrew Jackson; and three others (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). pp. 438–463.
- Leal, Victor Nunes (1977). Coronelismo: The Municipality and Representative Government in Brazil. Cambridge: CUP.
- Levine, Robert M. Historical Dictionary of Brazil (2019)
- Malathronas, John (2003). Brazil: Life, Blood, Soul. Chichester: Summersdale.
- Martinez-Lara, Javier (1995). Building Democracy in Brazil: The Politics of Constitutional Change. Macmillan.
- Prado Júnior, Caio (1967). The Colonial Background of Modern Brazil. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.
- Schneider, Ronald (1995). Brazil: Culture and Politics in a New Economic Powerhouse. Boulder Westview.
- Skidmore, Thomas E. (1974). Black into White: Race and Nationality in Brazilian Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-501776-2.
- Wagley, Charles (1963). An Introduction to Brazil. New York, New York: Columbia University Press.
External links
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Commons
News from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Resources from Wikiversity
Travel information from Wikivoyage
Data from Wikidata
Government
- Brazilian Federal Government
- Official Tourist Guide of Brazil
- Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics
Wikimedia Atlas of Brazil
Geographic data related to Brazil at OpenStreetMap
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Geographic | |
| Academics | |
| Artists | |
| People | |
| Other | |
- Brazil
- BRICS nations
- Countries and territories where Portuguese is an official language
- Countries in South America
- Federal constitutional republics
- Former Portuguese colonies
- G15 nations
- G20 members
- Member states of Mercosur
- Member states of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries
- Member states of the United Nations
- Newly industrializing countries
- States and territories established in 1822