Only Unity Saves the Serbs
Only Unity Saves the Serbs (Serbian: Само слога Србина спасава, romanized: Samo sloga Srbina spasava) is a popular motto and slogan in Serbia and among Serbs, often used as a rallying call during times of national crisis and against foreign domination. The phrase is an interpretation of what is taken to be four Cyrillic letters for "S" (written С) on the Serbian cross. Popular mythology attributes the motto to Saint Sava, the founder and first Archbishop of the Serbian Orthodox Church, however, the true author is Jovan Dragašević.[1]
The motto represents the "idea of betrayal", one of the main themes in the Kosovo Myth – the antithesis of Miloš Obilić's heroism embodied in the figure of Vuk Branković, which legend holds fled the battlefield, the moral of the story being that discord and betrayal among the Serbs had doomed the nation to fall.[2]
History
[edit]
According to legend,[citation needed][year needed] the origin of the С-shaped Serbian cross lies with Saint Sava, the first Archbishop of the autocephalous Serbian Church and the patron saint of Serbs, who based his design on the Byzantine original.[3] The association of the motto with Saint Sava originates with the 1882 poem "The Death of Saint Sava" (Smrt svetog Save) by Milorad Šimić. Saint Sava is said[clarification needed] to have uttered it to urge the Serbian people to declare national autonomy and resist domination by the Roman Catholic Church.[4]
The popular interpretation of the four "С" as 'Само Слога Србина Спасава' on the Serbian coat of arms dates to the 19th century, created due to nationalistic and political reasons. Jovan Sterija Popović in his the 1847 dramatic historical allegory "The Dream of Prince Marko" (San Kraljevića Marka) was the first to state that the firesteels were four "С" letters to be read that way, which "pious patriotic souls have already took for sure" as said by Đorđe Petrović in the 1881 edition of Srbadija magazine.[5] Author Biljana Vankovska argues that the first interpretation of the acronym СССС was "Serbia Alone Saved Herself" (Sama Srbija sebe spasila), which then changed to "Only Unity Saves the Serbs" (Samo sloga Srbe spasava), reflecting the growing Serb fear of internal enemies.[when?][6][7] In the 1860 poem "Echoes of gusles" (Jeka od gusala), general and writer Jovan Dragašević wrote "Only concord saves the Serb, so it is written for the Serb on the coat of arms" (Samo sloga Srbina spasacva, tako Srbu piše i na grbu).[8] Serbian poet and Orthodox priest Jovan Sundečić in the 1868 Osvetnici, ili nevina žrtva used "Only Unity saves Slavdom" (Samo sloga Slavenstvo spašava).[9] In the 1869 "Poems and traditions" (Pesme i običai), a collection of poetry and traditions collected by M. S. Milojević, several interpretations are made.[10] In the introduction of Vladan Đorđević's 1919 "Emperor Stefan Dušan: Young ruler" (Car Dušan: Mladi kralj), he writes "Because only unity saves, not only the Serb, but the Croat and Slovene, Orthodox, Catholics and Muslims".[11]
The phrase is found in written on towels and engraved on gusle dating to the 1880s and 1890s.[12][13] Allegedly, the motto Samo sloga Srbina spasava was acronymed on the Montenegrin cap.[14]
The phrase was used in songs of the Serbian Sokol movement.[15]
During World War II, the Main Staff of Chetnik Detachments in Croatian-occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina used it as an appeal in their struggle.[16]
Contemporary use
[edit]The CCCC acronym began appearing in Serbian nationalist graffiti during the 1980s.[17] In 1989, Serbian President Slobodan Milošević delivered his infamous Gazimestan speech before a large, stone Serbian cross bearing the CCCC acronym.[18] In the early 1990s, as Yugoslavia began to disintegrate, Milošević's propaganda apparatus adopted the phrase "Only Unity Saves the Serbs".[17] The CCCC acronym form of the phrase was featured with the Serbian cross on the insignia of the Serbian Army of Krajina during the Croatian War and on the insignia of the Army of Republika Srpska during the Bosnian War.[19] The Serbian cross with the СССС acronym was also used as a wing and fuselage marking on aircraft used by the Republika Srpska Air Force.[20] The phrase was often scrawled on the walls of abandoned houses in towns captured by Serb forces, usually followed alongside the acronym JNA (for Yugoslav People's Army) and the names of individual soldiers.[21] In the immediate aftermath of the Yugoslav Wars, license plates throughout the Republika Srpska featured the acronym. These were replaced several years later, following the introduction of nationwide license plates.[22]
Serbian singer-songwriter Bora Đorđević adapted the motto as the title to his song Samo sloga Srbina spasava, written during the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia.[23]
In 2010, on the anniversary of the Battle of Loznica, Patriarch Irinej said that "only unity could save the Serb people, and nonunity could ruin it".[24]
In 2013, Slovene politician and EP member Jelko Kacin congratulated that Kosovo Serb representatives had united despite political differences, in a delegation to the EP, with the words "Bravo, Serbs, only unity saves the Serbs".[25]
An international conference of Serbian Orthodox youth with the name "Only unity saves Serbs" has been held in 2015[26] and 2016[27] in Republika Srpska.
It is written in acronym form on a česnica, a type of Serbian Christmas bread, as well as in Easter egg decorating.[28]
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ Радојчић 2011, p. 447.
- ^ Šuber, Daniel (2006). "Myth, collective trauma and war in Serbia: a cultural-hermeneutical appraisal". Anthropology Matters. 8 (1).
- ^ Falina 2013, p. 243.
- ^ Merrill 2001, p. 161.
- ^ SANU (1957). Posebna izdanja. Vol. 295. SANU. p. 136.
- ^ Vankovska 2000, pp. 6–7.
- ^ MacDonald 2002, pp. 70–71.
- ^ Radojčić, Stevan (2016). Dimitrijević, M. S. (ed.). ""Кронографија" Јована Драгашевића" (PDF). Публ. Астр. друш. "Руђер Бошковић" - Зборник радова конференције "Развој астрономије код Срба VIII". Београд, 22–26. април 2014 (16): 239–250.
- ^ Nikčević, M. (2010). "Jovan Sundečić (1825–1900)". Croatica et Slavica Iadertina. 6 (6): 339–350. doi:10.15291/csi.721.
- ^ Pesme i običai ukupnog naroda srbskog: Skupio i izdao, M. S. Milojević. [Dr.:] Držav. Štampar. 1869. pp. 105–106.
- ^ Car Dušan: Mladi kralj. Naklada Hrvatskog štamparskog zavoda. 1919. p. xx.
- ^ Медић Вјера. Писмо и традиција: натписи на етнографским предметима. Etnografski muzej u Beogradu. pp. 28–. GGKEY:S5LX19GAHTW.
- ^ Narodni muzički instrumenti. Etnografski muzej. 1987. pp. 88–.
- ^ Barjaktarović, Mirko. Zečević, S. (ed.). "Порекло и време настајања "црногорске" ношње". Гласник Етнографског музеја у Београду. 43. Etnografski muzej u Beogradu: 133–. GGKEY:3EJL1KKYG38.
- ^ Vojislav V. Rašić (1930). Sokolijada: zbirka sokolskih pesama za deklamovanje radi podizanja sokolskog viteškog duha. Štampa "Gundulić". pp. 93, 136.
- ^ Mihailo Stanišić (2000). Projekti "Velika Srbija". Službeni list SRJ. p. 68. ISBN 9788635504681.
- ^ a b Sell 2002, p. 73.
- ^ Sells 1998, pp. 86–87.
- ^ Meyer 2006, p. 204.
- ^ Elliott & Cochrane 1998, p. 20.
- ^ Rieff 1996, p. 97.
- ^ Oliver 2005, p. 154.
- ^ Vidić–Rasmussen 2007, p. 65.
- ^ "Irinej: Samo sloga Srbina spasava". Vesti online.
- ^ "Кацин: Само слога Србе спашава". RTV.
- ^ "Međunarodna konferencija srpske pravoslavne omladine u I.Sarajevu". RTRS.
- ^ "Konferencija "Samo sloga Srbina spašava"". Pale info.
- ^ Bulletin du Musée ethnographique de Beograd. Muzej. 1956. p. 62.
References
[edit]- Atlagić, Marko (8 August 1997). "Kрст са oцилима қаo хералдисқи симбoл" [Cross With Firesteels as a Heraldic Symbol] (PDF). Pristina: Baština.
- Elliott, Stuart; Cochrane, John (1998). Military Aircraft Insignia of the World. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-85310-873-0.
- Falina, Maria (2013). "Religion Visible and Invisible". In Berezhnaya, Liliya; Schmitt, Christian (eds.). Iconic Turns: Nation and Religion in Eastern European Cinema Since 1989. Leiden: Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-25081-9.
- Jovanovich, William (2003). The Temper of the West: A Memoir. Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-57003-530-2.
- MacDonald, David Bruce (2002). Balkan Holocausts?: Serbian and Croatian Victim-Centered Propaganda and the War in Yugoslavia. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-6467-8.
- Merrill, Christopher (2001). Only the Nails Remain: Scenes from the Balkan Wars. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-7425-1686-5.
- Meyer, Therese-Marie (2006). Where Fiction Ends: Four Scandals of Literary Identity Construction. Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann. ISBN 978-3-8260-3164-9.
- Oliver, Ian (2005). War and Peace in the Balkans: The Diplomacy of Conflict in the Former Yugoslavia. London: I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-85043-889-2.
- Rieff, David (1996). Slaughterhouse: Bosnia and the Failure of the West. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4767-3788-1.
- Sells, Michael A. (1998). The Bridge Betrayed: Religion and Genocide in Bosnia. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-92209-9.
- Sell, Louis (2002). Slobodan Milosevic and the Destruction of Yugoslavia. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-8525-7.
- Vankovska, Biljana (2000). "Civil–Military Relations in the Third Yugoslavia". Working Paper- Copenhagen Peace Research Institute. Copenhagen: Copenhagen Peace Research Institute. ISSN 1397-0895.
- Vidić–Rasmussen, Ljerka (2007). "Bosnian and Serbian Popular Music in the 1990s: Divergent Paths, Conflicting Meanings and Shared Sentiments". In Buchanan, Donna A. (ed.). Balkan Popular Culture and the Ottoman Ecumene: Music, Image, and Regional Political Discourse. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8108-6021-6.
- Радојчић, Стеван (2011). "Космометрија Јована Драгашевића" (PDF). Зборник радова конференције “Развој астрономије код Срба VI”, Београд, 22—26. април 2010 (ур. М. С. Димитријевић) (10). Београд: Публикација Астрономског друштва „Руђер Бошковић“: 439–450.
